Online Supplementary Materials for Siegert Et Al

Online supplementary materials for Siegert et al.: A Meta-Analysis of Performance on Simple Span and More Complex Working Memory Tasks in Parkinson’s Disease.

Online Supplementary Appendix 1 - Reference list of all the studies included in the four meta-analyses.

Amador, S. C., Hood, A. J., Schiess, M. C., Izor, R., & Sereno, A. B. (2006). Dissociating cognitive deficits involved in voluntary eye movement dysfunctions in Parkinson’s disease patients. Neuropsychologia, 44(8), 1475-1482.

Blanchet, S., Marie, R. M., Dauvillier, F., Landeau, B., Benali, K., Eustache, F., et al. (2000). Cognitive processes involved in delayed non-matching-to-sample performance in Parkinson’s disease. European Journal of Neurology, 7(5), 473-483.

Boller, F., Marcie, P., Starkstein, S., & Traykov, L. (1998). Memory and depression in Parkinson’s disease. European Journal of Neurology, 5(3), 291-295.

Bradley, V. A., Welch, J. L., & Dick, D. J. (1989). Visuospatial working memory in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 52(11), 1228-1235.

Breitenstein, C., Van Lancker, D., Daum, I., & Waters, C. H. (2001). Impaired perception of vocal emotions in Parkinson’s disease: Influence of speech time processing and executive functioning. Brain & Cognition, 45(2), 277-314.

Bublak, P., Muller, U., Gron, G., Reuter, M., & von Cramon, D. (2002). Manipulation of working memory information is impaired in Parkinson’s disease and related to working memory capacity. Neuropsychology, 16(4), 577-590.

Chan, F., Armstrong, I. T., Pari, G., Riopelle, R. J., & Munoz, D. P. (2005). Deficits in saccadic eye-movement control in Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 43(5), 784-796.

Channon, S. (1997). Impairments in deductive reasoning and working memory in Parkinson’s disease. Behavioural Neurology, 10(1), 1-8.

Cooper, J. A., Sagar, H. J., Doherty, S. M., Jordan, N., Tidswell, P., & Sullivan, E. V. (1992). Different effects of dopaminergic and anticholinergic therapies on cognitive and motor function in Parkinson’s disease. Brain, 115, 1701-1725.

Cooper, J. A., Sagar, H. J., Jordan, N., Harvey, N. S., & Sullivan, E. V. (1991). Cognitive impairment in early, untreated Parkinson’s disease and its relationship to motor disability. Brain, 114(5), 2095-2122.

Costa, A., Peppe, A., Dell'Agnello, G., Carlesimo, G. A., Murri, L., Bonuccelli, U., et al. (2003). Dopaminergic modulation of visual-spatial working memory in Parkinson’s disease. Dementia & Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 15(2), 55-66.

Dalrymple-Alford, J. C., Kalders, A. S., Jones, R. D., & Watson, R. W. (1994). A central executive deficit in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 57(3), 360-367.

Dujardin, K., Degreef, J. F., Rogelet, P., Defebvre, L., & Destee, A. (1999). Impairment of the supervisory attentional system in early untreated patients with Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology, 246(9), 783-788.

Fern-Pollak, L., Whone, A. L., Brooks, D. J., & Mehta, M. A. (2004). Cognitive and motor effects of dopaminergic medication withdrawal in Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 42(14), 1917-1926.

Fournet, N., Moreaud, O., Roulin, J. L., Naegele, B., & Pellat, J. (1996). Working memory in medicated patients with Parkinson’s disease: The central executive seems to work. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 60(3), 313-317.

Gabrieli, J. D., Singh, J., Stebbins, G. T., & Goetz, C. G. (1996). Reduced working memory span in Parkinson’s disease: Evidence for the role of frontostriatal system in working and strategic memory. Neuropsychology, 10(3), 321-332.

Gilbert, B., Belleville, S., Bherer, L., & Chouinard, S. (2005). Study of verbal working memory in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychology, 19(1), 106-114.

Gnanalingham, K. K., Byrne, E. J., Thornton, A., Sambrook, M. A., & Bannister, P. (1997). Motor and cognitive function in lewy body dementia: Comparison with alzheimer's and Parkinson’s diseases. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 62(3), 243-252.

Gotzsche, P. C., Hrobjartsson, A., Maric, K., Tendal, B. (2007). Data extraction errors in meta-analyses that use standardized mean differences. Journal of the American Medical Association, 298(4), 430-437.

Graceffa, A. M., Carlesimo, G. A., Peppe, A., & Caltagirone, C. (1999). Verbal working memory deficit in Parkinson’s disease subjects. European Neurology, 42(2), 90-94.

Hart, R. P., Wade, J. B., Calabrese, V. P., & Colenda, C. C. (1998). Vigilance performance in Parkinson’s disease and depression. Neuropsychology Development & Cognition Section a Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, 20(1), 111-117.

Hodgson, T. L., Dittrich, W. H., Henderson, L., & Kennard, C. (1999). Eye movements and spatial working memory in Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 37(8), 927-938.

Hoppe, C., Muller, U., Werheid, K., Thone, A., & von Cramon, D. (2000). Digit ordering test: Clinical, psychometric, and experimental evaluation of a verbal working memory test. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 14(1), 38-55.

Howard, L. A., Binks, M. G., Moore, A. P., & Playfer, J. R. (2000). The contribution of apraxic speech to working memory deficits in Parkinson’s disease. Brain and Language, 74(2), 269-288.

Jahanshahi, M., Rowe, J., Saleem, T., Brown, R., Limousin-Dowsey, P., Rothwell, J., et al. (2002). Striatal contribution to cognition: Working memory and executive function in Parkinson’s disease before and after unilateral posteroventral pallidotomy. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14(2), 298-310.

Katsarou, Z., Bostantjopoulou, S., Kimiskidis, V., Rossopoulos, E., & Kazis, A. (2004). Auditory event-related potentials in Parkinson’s disease in relation to cognitive ability. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 98(3 Pt 2), 1441-1448.

Kemps, E., Szmalec, A., Vandierendonck, A., & Crevits, L. (2005). Visuo-spatial processing in Parkinson’s disease: Evidence for diminished visuo-spatial sketch pad and central executive resources. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 11(3), 181-186.

Kensinger, E. A., Shearer, D. K., Locascio, J. J., Growdon, J. H., & Corkin, S. (2003). Working memory in mild alzheimer's disease and early Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychology, 17(2), 230-239.

Kliegel, M., Phillips, L., Lemke, U., & Kopp, U. (2005). Planning and realisation of complex intentions in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 76(11), 1501-1505.

Lange, K., Robbins, T., Marsden, C., James, M., & et al. (1992). L-dopa withdrawal in Parkinson’s disease selectively impairs cognitive performance in tests sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction. Psychopharmacology, 107(2-3), 394-404.

Lange, K. W., Tucha, O., Alders, G. L., Preier, M., Csoti, I., Merz, B., et al. (2003). Differentiation of parkinsonian syndromes according to differences in executive functions. Journal of Neural Transmission, 110(9), 983-995.

Le Heron, C. J., MacAskill, M. R., & Anderson, T. J. (2005). Memory-guided saccades in Parkinson’s disease: Long delays can improve performance. Experimental Brain Research, 161(3), 293-298.

Moreaud, O., Fournet, N., Roulin, J. L., Naegele, B., & Pellat, J. (1997). The phonological loop in medicated patients with Parkinson’s disease: Presence of phonological similarity and word length effects. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 62(6), 609-611.

Morris, R. G., Downes, J. J., Sahakian, B. J., Evenden, J. L., & et al. (1988). Planning and spatial working memory in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 51(6), 757-766.

Muller, U., Wachter, T., Barthel, H., Reuter, M., & Von Cramon, D. Y. (2000). Striatal [123i]beta-cit spect and prefrontal cognitive functions in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neural Transmission, 107(3), 303-319.

Owen, A. M., Beksinska, M., James, M., Leigh, P., & et al. (1993). Visuospatial memory deficits at different stages of Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 31(7), 627-644.

Owen, A. M., Iddon, J. L., Hodges, J. R., Summers, B. A., & et al. (1997). Spatial and non-spatial working memory at different stages of Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 35(4), 519-532.

Owen, A. M., James, M., Leigh, P. N., Summers, B. A., Marsden, C. D., Quinn, N. P., et al. (1992). Fronto-striatal cognitive deficits at different stages of Parkinson’s disease. Brain, 115(6), 1727-1751.

Owen, A. M., Sahakian, B. J., Hodges, J. R., Summers, B. A., & et al. (1995). Dopamine-dependent frontostriatal planning deficits in early Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychology, 9(1), 126-140.

Pantelis, C., Barnes, T. R. E., Nelson, H. E., Tanner, S., Weatherley, L., Owen, A. M., et al. (1997). Frontal-striatal cognitive deficits in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Brain, 120(10), 1823-1843.

Perbal, S., Deweer, B., Pillon, B., Vidailhet, M., Dubois, B., & Pouthas, V. (2005). Effects of internal clock and memory disorders on duration reproductions and duration productions in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Brain and Cognition, 58(1), 35-48.

Pollux, P. M. (2004). Advance preparation of set-switches in Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 42(7), 912-919.

Postle, B. R., Jonides, J., Smith, E. E., Corkin, S., & Growdon, J. H. (1997). Spatial, but not object, delayed response is impaired in early Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychology, 11(2), 171-179.

Press, D., Mechanic, D., Tarsy, D., & Manoach, D. (2002). Cognitive slowing in Parkinson’s disease resolves after practice. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 73(5), 524-528.

Pulvermuller, F., Lutzenberger, W., Muller, V., Mohr, B., Dichgans, J., & Birbaumer, N. (1996). P3 and contingent negative variation in Parkinson’s disease. Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology, 98(6), 456-467.

Robbins, T. W., James, M., Owen, A., Lange, K., & et al. (1994). Cognitive deficits in progressive supranuclear palsy, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple system atrophy in tests sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 57(1), 79-88.

Rogers, R. D., Sahakian, B. J., Hodges, J. R., Polkey, C. E., Kennard, C., & Robbins, T. W. (1998). Dissociating executive mechanisms of task control following frontal lobe damage and Parkinson’s disease. Brain, 121(5), 815-842.

Shaunak, S., O'Sullivan, E., Blunt, S., Lawden, M., Crawford, T., Henderson, L., et al. (1999). Remembered saccades with variable delay in Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders, 14(1), 80-86.

Skeel, R. L., Crosson, B., Nadeau, S. E., Algina, J., Bauer, R. M., & Fennell, E. B. (2001). Basal ganglia dysfunction, working memory, and sentence comprehension in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 39(9), 962-971.

Stebbins, G. T., Gabrieli, J. D., Shannon, K. M., Penn, R. D., & Goetz, C. G. (2000). Impaired frontostriatal cognitive functioning following posteroventral pallidotomy in advanced Parkinson’s disease. Brain & Cognition, 42(3), 348-363.

Stepankova, K., & Ruzicka, E. (1998). Object location learning and non-spatial working memory of patients with Parkinson’s disease may be preserved in 'real life' situations. Physiological Research, 47(5), 377-384.

Stern, E. R., Horvitz, J. C., Cote, L. J., & Mangels, J. A. (2005). Maintenance of response readiness in patients with Parkinson’s disease: Evidence from a simple reaction time task. Neuropsychology, 19(1), 54-65.

Tamura, I., Kikuchi, S., Otsuki, M., Kitagawa, M., & Tashiro, K. (2003). Deficits of working memory during mental calculation in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 209(1-2), 19-23.

Uekermann, J., Daum, I., Bielawski, M., Muhlack, S., Peters, S., Przuntek, H., et al. (2004). Differential executive control impairments in early Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplement, 68, 39-51.

Uekermann, J., Daum, I., Peters, S., Wiebel, B., Przuntek, H., & Muller, T. (2003). Depressed mood and executive dysfunction in early Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 107(5), 341-348.

Werheid, K., Hoppe, C., Thone, A., Muller, U., Mungersdorf, M., & von Cramon, D. (2002). The adaptive digit ordering test. Clinical application, reliability, and validity of a verbal working memory test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17(6), 547-565.

Yokoyama, T., Imamura, Y., Sugiyama, K., Nishizawa, S., Yokota, N., Ohta, S., et al. (1999). Prefrontal dysfunction following unilateral posteroventral pallidotomy in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurosurgery, 90(6), 1005-1010.

Online Supplementary Appendix 2 - Studies that yielded data for meta-analyses grouped by task with brief descriptions of the unique or ‘other’ tasks

VERBAL SPAN TASKS

Digit Span Studies (n=23): (Blanchet et al., 2000), (Boller et al., 1998), (Bradley et al., 1989), (Breitenstein et al., 2001), (Bublak et al., 2002), (Cooper et al., 1991), (Dalrymple-Alford et al., 1994), (Gilbert et al., 2005), (Gnanalingham et al., 1997), (Hoppe et al., 2000), (Katsarou et al., 2004), (Kensinger et al., 2003), (Kliegel et al., 2005), (K. W. Lange et al., 2003), (Muller et al., 2000), (Perbal et al., 2005), (Pollux, 2004), (Stern et al., 2005), (Tamura et al., 2003), (Uekermann et al., 2004), (Uekermann et al., 2003), (Werheid et al., 2002), (Yokoyama et al., 1999)

Word Span Studies (n=5): (Fournet et al., 1996), (Graceffa et al., 1999), (Howard et al., 2000), (Moreaud et al., 1997), (Skeel et al., 2001)

Other Verbal Span Task Studies (n=1): (Dujardin et al., 1999) – Three consonants presented visually to participant who has to verbally recall after a variable time delay.

SPATIAL SPAN TASKS

Corsi’s Blocks Studies (n=9): (Boller et al., 1998; Hodgson et al., 1999), (Kemps et al., 2005), (K. Lange et al., 1992), (Morris et al., 1988; A. M. Owen et al., 1992), (Pantelis et al., 1997), (Perbal et al., 2005), (Robbins et al., 1994)

Other spatial span tasks (n=10):

(Blanchet et al., 2000) – Experimenter points to varying number of nine squares in array on paper and participant must reproduce the sequence.

(Bradley et al., 1989) – Filled and unfilled boxes presented on screen for 100 msec and then filled boxes are cleared. Participant must then touch the boxes that were full but in any order.

(Chan et al., 2005) – Participants focused on a central location and a peripheral stimulus was briefly presented. After a variable delay they had to look at the spot where the light had appeared (remembered saccade).

(Fern-Pollak et al., 2004) – Participants fixated on a central X on a white screen. A black circle appeared on screen for 150msecs. After a delay a tone prompted participants to point to where they recalled the circle had been presented.

(Fournet et al., 1996) – A 5 x 5 matrix of boxes was presented on screen. Each box was filled and then emptied one at a time. Participants had to recall the sequence in which boxes had been filled.

(K. W. Lange et al., 2003) – From Baddeley (1997). A geometric figure is presented at the fixation point for 200 msecs. After a masked delay the participant must recall how many right angles the figure had.

(Le Heron et al., 2005) – Participants fixated on a central stimulus and a peripheral stimulus was presented for 400msecs. After a delay a tone cued participants to look at the spot where they remembered the light flashing (remembered saccade).

(Adrian M. Owen et al., 1993) – Five white squares presented sequentially on screen in different locations. After a brief delay two squares are presented and participant must indicate which one is in the same location as one of the initial five.

(Postle et al., 1997) – Two irregular shapes presented on screen. After a delay a single shape is presented and participant must decide if it is in the same position as either one of the earlier two stimuli.