Online Resource 1. Description of transects sampled at Nachusa Grasslands, Illinois, USA, to include site identification, age (in years), size (in hectares), and the number of quadrats sampled along each transect.

Site Identification / Age / Size / Quadrats Sampled
NGPR 74 / 3 / 4.1 / 8
NGPR 73 / 3 / 4.1 / 10
NGPR 68 / 3 / 3.2 / 14
NGPR 66 / 4 / 8.1 / 10
NGPR 63 / 4 / 10.1 / 13
NGPR 62 / 5 / 14.2 / 16
NGPR 59 / 6 / 2.8 / 14
NGPR 58 / 7 / 2.0 / 16
NGPR 57 / 7 / 2.8 / 16
NGPR 56 / 7 / 10.5 / 13
NGPR 55 / 7 / 1.6 / 25
NGPR 53 / 10 / 1.2 / 12
NGPR 52 / 10 / 4.9 / 10
NGPR 50 / 9 / 8.5 / 17
NGPR 49 / 9 / 12.1 / 16
NGPR 25 / 11 / 2.0 / 8
Isabell / Remnant / 4.5 / 8
No Name Knob / Remnant / 1.2 / 10
Thelma Carpenter / Remnant / 4.0 / 10

1

Online Resource 2. The structure of the aboveground community from sites sampled at Nachusa Grasslands, Illinois, USA. Species were classified according to family, location of origin [N = native (to Illinois/USA), I = introduced (from outside USA); USDA plant database], life history (A = annual, B = biennial, P = perennial), guild (F = forb, G = graminoid, L = legume, W = woody), and whether the species was sown or non-sown (S = sown, N = non-sown). *All species were pooled from their respective sites into this comprehensive list.

Species / Family / Origin / LifeHist / Guild / Sown/Non-sown
Abutilon theophrasti Medik / Malvaceae / I / A / F / N
Acer negundo L. / Aceraceae / N / P / W / N
Acer saccharinum L. / Aceraceae / N / P / W / N
Achillea millefolium L. / Asteraceae / NI / P / F / S
Agrostis hyemalis (Walter) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. / Poaceae / N / P / G / S
Allium sp. L. / Liliaceae / --- / --- / F / ---
Amaranthus retroflexus L. / Amaranthaceae / I / A / F / N
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. / Asteraceae / N / A / F / N
Ambrosia trifida L. / Asteraceae / N / A / F / N
Amorpha canescens Pursh / Fabaceae / N / P / L / S
Anemone cylindrica A. Gray / Ranunculaceae / N / P / F / S
Andropogon gerardii Vitman / Poaceae / N / P / G / S
Antennaria neglecta Greene / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richardson / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Apocynum cannabinum L. / Apocynaceae / N / P / F / N
Arnoglossum atriplicifolium (L.) H. Rob. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Artemisia campestris L. ssp. caudata (Michx.) H.M. Hall & Clem. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Asclepias syriaca L. / Asclepiadaceae / N / P / F / S
Asclepias verticillata L. / Asclepiadaceae / N / P / F / S
Astragalus canadensis L. / Fabaceae / N / P / L / S
Baptisia alba (L.) Vent. / Fabaceae / N / P / L / S
Baptisia bracteata Muhl. ex Elliot / Fabaceae / N / P / L / S
Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. / Poaceace / N / P / G / S
Brassica sp. L. / Brassicaceae / --- / --- / F / N
Brickellia eupatorioides (L.) Shinners var. eupatorioides / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Bromus inermis Leyss. / Poaceae / I / P / G / N
Bromus sp. L. / Poaceae / --- / --- / G / N
Bromus tectorum L. / Poaceae / I / A / G / N
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik / Brassicaceae / I / A / F / N
Carex annectens (E.P. Bicknell) E.P. Bicknell / Cyperaceae / N / P / G / S
Carex bicknellii Britton / Cyperaceae / N / P / G / S
Carex muehlenbergii Schkuhr ex Willd. / Cyperaceae / N / P / G / S
Carex pensylvanica Lam. / Cyperaceae / N / P / G / S
Carex richardsonii R. Br. / Cyperaceae / N / P / G / S
Carex sp. 1 / Cyperaceae / --- / --- / G / ---
Carex sp. 2 / Cyperaceae / --- / --- / G / ---
Chenopodium album L. / Chenopodiaceae / NI / A / F / N
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. / Asteraceae / I / P / F / N
Cirsium discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Spreng. / Asteraceae / N / BP / F / N
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. / Asteraceae / I / B / F / N
Convolvulus sp. L. / Convolvulaceae / --- / --- / F / N
Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist / Asteraceae / N / AB / F / N
Coreopsis lanceolata L. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Coreopsis palmata Nutt. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Coreopsis tripteris L. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Cornus racemosa Lam. / Cornaceae / N / P / W / N
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. / Poaceae / I / P / G / N
Cyperus sp. L. / Cyperaceae / --- / --- / G / ---
Dalea candida Michx. ex Willd. / Fabaceae / N / P / L / S
Dalea purpurea Vent. / Fabaceae / N / P / L / S
Daucus carota L. / Asteraceae / I / B / F / N
Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacMill. ex B.L. Rob. & Fernald / Fabaceae / N / P / L / S
Desmodium canadense (L.) DC. / Fabaceae / N / P / L / S
Desmodium illinoense A. Gray / Fabaceae / N / P / L / S
Dichanthelium leibergii (Vasey) Freckmann / Poaceae / N / P / G / S
Dichanthelium linearifolium (Scribn. ex Nash) Gould / Poaceae / N / P / G / S
Dichanthelium oligosanthes (Schult) Gould var. scribneranium (Nash) Gould / Poaceae / N / P / G / S
Dodecatheon meadia L. / Primulaceae / N / P / F / S
Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Elymus canadensis L. / Poaceae / N / P / G / S
Equisetum sp. L. / Equisetaceae / --- / --- / F / N
Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. / Asteraceae / N / A / F / N
Eryngium yuccafolium Michx. / Apiaceae / N / P / F / S
Eupatorium altissimum L. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Euphorbia corollata L. / Euphorbiaceae / N / P / F / S
Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. var. graminifolia / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Helianthus grosseserratus M. Martens / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Helianthus occidentalis Riddell / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Helianthus pauciflorus Nutt. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Hesperostipa spartea (Trin.) Barkworth / Poaceae / N / P / G / S
Heterothecea camporum (Greene) Shinners var. camporum / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Heuchera americana L. / Saxifragaceae / N / P / F / S
Heuchera richardsonii R. Br. / Saxifragaceae / N / P / F / S
Hieracium gronovii L. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Juncus sp. L. / Juncaceae / --- / --- / G / N
Juncus tenuis Willd. / Juncaceae / N / P / G / S
Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult. / Poaceae / N / P / G / S
Lespedeza capitata Michx. / Fabaceae / N / P / L / S
Liatris aspera Michx. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Liatris pycnostachya Michx. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Lonicera mackii (Rupr.) Herder / Caprifoliaceae / I / P / W / N
Lonactis lineariifolius (L.) Greene / Asteraceae / N / P / F / N
Lupinus sp. L. / Fabaceae / --- / --- / L / S
Medicago lupulina L. / Fabaceae / I / AP / L / N
Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. / Fabaceae / I / ABP / L / N
Monarda fistulosa L. / Lamiacaeae / N / P / F / S
Monarda punctata L. / Lamiaceae / N / P / F / S
Muhlenbergia schreberi J.F. Gmel. / Poaceae / N / P / G / N
Oenothera biennis L. / Onagraceae / N / B / F / N
Oligoneuron rigidum (L.) Small / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Oxalis stricta L. / Oxalidaceae / N / P / F / N
Packera paupercaula (Michx.) A. Löve & D. Löve / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. / Poaceae / N / A / G / N
Panicum virgatum L. / Poaceae / N / P / G / S
Parthenium integrifolium L. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Pedicularis sp. L. / Scrophulariaceae / --- / --- / F / S
Penstemon digitalis Nutt. ex Simms / Scrophulariaceae / N / P / F / S
Penstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. / Scrophulariaceae / N / P / F / S
Phleum pratense L. / Poaceae / I / P / G / N
Poa pratensis L. / Poaceae / NI / P / G / N
Polygonum hydropiper L. / Polygonaceae / I / A / F / N
Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marsh. / Saliaceae / N / P / W / N
Potentilla arguta Pursh / Rosaceae / N / P / F / S
Potentilla recta L. / Rosaceae / I / P / F / S
Prunus sp. L. / Rosaceae / --- / --- / W / N
Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) Hilliard & B.L. Burtt / Asteraceae / N / AB / F / S
Pycnanthemum virginianium (L.) T. Dur. & B.D. Jacks. ex B.L. Rob. & Fernald / Lamiaceae / N / P / F / S
Quercus velutina Lam. / Fagaceae / N / P / W / N
Ranunculus abortivus L. / Ranunculaceae / N / BP / F / N
Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnhart / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Robinia pseudoacacia L. / Fabaceae / N / P / W / N
Rosa carolina L. / Rosaceae / N / P / W / S
Rubus sp. L. / Rosaceae / --- / --- / W / N
Rudbeckia hirta L. / Asteraceae / N / ABP / F / S
Rudbeckia subtomentosa Pursh / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Rumex crispus L. / Polygonaceae / I / P / F / N
Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash / Poaceae / N / P / G / S
Setaria sp. L. / Poaceae / I / --- / G / N
Silene sp. L. / Caryophyllaceae / --- / --- / F / S
Silphium integrifolium Michx. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Silphium laciniatum L. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Silphium perfoliatum L. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Silphium terebinthenaceum Jacq. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Sisyrinchium albidum Raf. / Iridaceae / N / P / F / S
Solanum ptycanthum Dunal / Solanaceae / N / A / F / N
Solidago canadensis L. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / N
Solidago missouriensis Nutt. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Solidago nemoralis Aiton / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Solidago speciosa Nutt. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Solidago sp. L. / Asteraceae / --- / --- / F / ---
Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash / Poaceae / N / P / G / S
Sporobolus heterolepis (A. Gray) A. Gray / Poaceae / N / P / G / S
Stellaria sp. L. / Caryophyllaceae / --- / --- / F / N
Symphyotrichum cordifolium (L.) G.L. Nesom / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) G.L. Nesom / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Symphyotrichum leave (L.) A. Löve & D. Löve / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) G.L. Nesom / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Symphyotrichum oblongifolium (Nutt.) G.L. Nesom / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Symphyotrichum oolentangiense (Riddell) G.L. Nesomvar. oolentangiense / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Symphyotrichum sericeum (Vent.) G.L. Nesom / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S
Symphyotrichum sp. Nees / Asteraceae / --- / --- / F / ---
Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. / Asteraceae / NI / P / F / N
Tradescantia ohiensis Raf. / Commelinaceae / N / P / F / S
Trifolium arvense L. / Fabaceae / I / A / L / N
Trifolium repens L. / Fabaceae / I / P / L / N
Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. / Campanulaceae / N / A / F / N
Verbena hastata L. / Verbenaceae / N / P / F / S
Verbena stricta Vent. / Verbenaceae / N / P / F / S
Veronica peregrina L. / Scrophulariaceae / N / A / F / N
Viola sagittata Aiton / Violaceae / N / P / F / S
Vitis sp. L. / Vitaceae / --- / --- / W / N
Unknown forb / --- / --- / --- / F / ---
Unknown forb 2 / --- / --- / --- / F / ---
Unknown grass / Poaceae / --- / --- / G / ---
Unknown grass 2 / Poaceae / --- / --- / G / ---
Zizia aptera (A. Gray) Fernald / Apiaceae / N / P / F / S
Zizia aurea (L.) W.D.J. Koch / Apiaceae / N / P / F / S

Online Resource 3. The composition of the germinable seed bank from sites sampled at Nachusa Grasslands, Illinois, USA. Species were classified according to family, location of origin [N = native (to Illinois/USA), I = introduced (from outside USA); USDA plant database 2013], life history (A = annual, B = biennial, P = perennial), guild (F = forb, G = graminoid, L = legume), and whether the species were sown or non-sown (S = sown, N = non-sown). Totals reflect the number of individual seedlings that emerged from all soil samples in the greenhouse.

Species / Family / Origin / LifeHist / Guild / Sown/Non-sown / Total
Abutilon theophrasti Medik / Malvaceae / I / A / F / N / 12
Achillea millefolium L. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 3
Agrostis stolonifera L. / Poaceae / I / P / G / N / 62
Amaranthus retroflexus L. / Amaranthaceae / N / A / F / N / 1
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. / Asteraceae / N / A / F / N / 16
Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. / Urticaceae / N / P / F / N / 25
Cardamine hirsuta L. / Brassicaceae / I / A / F / N / 14
Carex bicknellii Britton / Cyperaceae / N / P / G / S / 1
Cerastium fontanum Baumg. / Caryophyllaceae / I / P / F / N / 1
Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small / Euphorbiaceae / N / A / F / N / 34
Chenopodium album L. / Chenopodiaceae / NI / A / F / N / 133
Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist / Asteraceae / N / B / F / N / 52
Cyperus sp. L. / Cyperaceae / -- / -- / G / -- / 38
Dalea purpurea Vent. / Fabaceae / N / P / L / S / 2
Daucus carota L. / Apiaceae / I / B / F / N / 32
Dicanthelium oligosanthes (Schult.) Gould var. schribneranium (Nash) Gould / Poaceae / N / P / G / S / 9
Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. / Poaceae / N / P / G / N / 1
Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. / Asteraceae / N / A / F / N / 2
Eupatorium serotinum Michx. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / N / 1
Hibiscus trionum L. / Malvaceae / I / A / F / N / 1
Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult. / Poaceae / N / P / G / S / 4
Lactuca canadensis L. / Poaceae / N / B / F / N / 3
Lamium amplexicaule L. / Lamiaceae / I / A / F / N / 17
Lepidium sp. L. / Brassicaceae / I / A / F / N / 89
Lespedeza capitata Michx. / Fabaceae / N / P / L / S / 2
Medicago lupulina L. / Fabaceae / I / A / L / N / 1
Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. / Fabaceae / I / B / L / N / 42
Mollugo verticillata L. / Molluginaceae / I / A / F / N / 62
Monarda fistulosa L. / Lamiaceae / N / P / F / S / 6
Oenothera biennis L. / Onagraceae / N / B / F / N / 4
Packera paupercula (Michx.) A. Löve & D. Löve / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 6
Panicum capillare L. / Poaceae / N / A / G / N / 2
Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. / Poaceae / N / A / G / N / 25
Plantago major L. / Plantaginaceae / I / P / F / N / 2
Poa compressa L. / Poaceae / I / P / G / N / 7
Poa pratensis L. / Poaceae / I / P / G / N / 92
Potentilla arguta Pursh / Rosaceae / N / P / F / S / 33
Rudbeckia hirta L. / Asteraceae / N / ABP / F / S / 125
Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash / Poaceae / N / P / G / S / 2
Senecio vulgaris L. / Asteraceae / I / AB / F / N / 140
Setaria faberi Herrm. / Poaceae / I / A / G / N / 184
Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. / Poaceae / I / A / G / N / 20
Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. / Brassicaceae / I / A / F / N / 32
Solanum ptycanthum Dunal / Solanaceae / N / A / F / N / 139
Solidago nemoralis Aiton / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 10
Solidago speciosa Nutt. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 9
Sonchus arvensis L. / Asteraceae / I / P / F / N / 46
Sporobolus heterolepis (A. Gray) A. Gray / Poaceae / N / P / G / S / 1
Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) G.L. Nesom / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 1
Symphyotrichum laeve (L.) A. Löve & D. Löve / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 6
Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. / Asteraceae / NI / P / F / N / 3
Thlaspi arvense L. / Brassicaceae / I / A / F / N / 49
Tradescantia ohiensis Raf. / Commelinaceae / N / P / F / S / 3
Trifolium repens L. / Fabaceae / I / P / L / N / 2
Tripleurospermum perforatum (Mérat.) M. Lainz / Asteraceae / I / A / F / N / 5
Verbascum thapsus L. / Scrophulariaceae / I / B / F / N / 3
Verbena stricta Vent. / Verbenaceae / N / P / F / S / 14
Veronica peregrina L. / Scrophulariaceae / N / A / F / N / 1
Unidentified seedling / -- / -- / -- / -- / -- / 29
Total / 1,662

Online Resource 4. Emerged seedlings from sites sampled at Nachusa Grasslands, Illinois, USA. Species were classified according to family, location of origin [N = native (to Illinois/USA), I = introduced (from outside USA); USDA plant database 2012], life history (A = annual, B = biennial, P = perennial), guild (F = forb, G = graminoid, L = legume) and whether the species was sown or non-sown (S = sown, N = non-sown). Totals reflect the number of individual seedlings collected from all soil blocks.

Species / Family / Origin / LifeHist / Guild / Sown/Non-sown / Total
Achillea millefolium L. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 1
Allium sp.L. / Liliaceae / -- / -- / F / -- / 1
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. / Asteraceae / N / A / F / N / 1
Ambrosia trifida L. / Asteraceae / N / A / F / N / 5
Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richardson / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 5
Asclepias verticillata L. / Asclepiadaceae / N / P / F / S / 3
Convolvulus sp. L. / Convolvulaceae / -- / -- / F / N / 1
Dicanthelium oligosanthes (Schult.) Gould var. scribneranium (Nash)Gould / Poaceae / N / P / G / S / 3
Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 5
Elymus canadensis L. / Poaceae / N / P / G / S / 26
Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 3
Lespedeza capitata Michx. / Fabaceae / N / P / L / S / 4
Liatris pycnostachya Michx. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 1
Monarda fistulosa L. / Lamiaceae / N / P / F / S / 12
Oligoneuron album (Nutt.) G.L. Nesom / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 2
Oligoneuron rigidum (L.) Small / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 41
Penstemon digitalis Nutt. ex Sims / Scrophulariaceae / N / P / F / S / 23
Potentilla arguta Pursh / Rosaceae / N / P / F / S / 7
Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnhart / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 6
Rudbeckia hirta L. / Asteraceae / N / ABP / F / S / 13
Silphium laciniatum L. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 1
Solidago canadensis L. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / N / 10
Solidago nemoralis Aiton / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 2
Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash / Poaceae / N / P / G / S / 6
Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) G.L. Nesom / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 1
Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg / Asteraceae / NI / P / F / N / 20
Tradescantia ohiensis Raf. / Commelinaceae / N / P / F / S / 1
Trifolium arvense L. / Fabaceae / I / A / L / N / 114
Trifolium repens L. / Fabaceae / I / P / L / N / 5
Viola sagittata Aiton / Violaceae / N / P / F / S / 2
Zizia aurea (L.) W.D.J. Koch / Apiaceae / N / P / F / S / 11
Total / 336

Online Resource 5. The composition of belowground buds from sites sampled at Nachusa Grasslands, Illinois, USA. Species were classified according to family, location of origin [N = native (to Illinois/USA), I = introduced (from outside USA); USDA plant database 2012], life history (A = annual, B = biennial, P = perennial), guild (F = forb, G = graminoid, L = legume) and whether the species was sown or non-sown (S = sown, N = Non-sown). Totals represent the number of buds/m² across the restoration chronosequence.

Species / Family / Origin / LifeHist / Guild / Sown/Non-sown / Total
Andropogon gerardii Vitman / Poaceae / N / P / G / S / 3
Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richardson / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 9
Asclepias verticillata L. / Asclepiadaceae / N / P / F / S / 4
Baptisia alba (L.) Vent. / Fabaceae / N / P / L / S / 1
Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. / Poaceae / N / P / G / S / 30
Bromus inermis Leyss. / Poaceae / I / P / G / N / 8
Carex bicknellii Britton / Cyperaceae / N / P / G / S / 56
Coreopsis palmata Nutt. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 1
Dalea purpurea Vent. / Fabaceae / N / P / L / S / 3
Dichanthelium oligosanthes (Schult.) Gould var. scribneranium (Nash) Gould / Poaceae / N / P / G / S / 22
Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 12
Elymus canadensis L. / Poaceae / N / P / G / S / 54
Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 2
Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult. / Poaceae / N / P / G / S / 234
Lespedeza capitata Michx. / Fabaceae / N / P / L / S / 4
Monarda fistulosa L. / Lamiaceae / N / P / F / S / 4
Oligoneuron album (Nutt.) G.L. Nesom / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 9
Oligoneuron rigidum (L.) Small / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 2
Penstemon digitalis Nutt ex Sims / Scrophulariaceae / N / P / F / S / 12
Penstemon pallidus Small / Scrophulariaceae / N / P / F / S / 6
Poa compressa L. / Poaceae / I / P / G / N / 13
Poa pratensis L. / Poaceae / I / P / G / N / 397
Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnhart / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 3
Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash / Poaceae / N / P / G / S / 890
Silphium laciniatum L. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 1
Solidago canadensis L. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 3
Solidago nemoralis Aiton / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 15
Solidago speciosa Nutt. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 1
Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash / Poaceae / N / P / G / S / 142
Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) G.L. Nesom / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 9
Tradescantia ohiensis Raf. / Commelinaceae / N / P / F / S / 8
Viola sagittata Aiton / Violaceae / N / P / F / S / 4

Online Resource 6. The composition of emerged ramets from sites sampled at Nachusa Grasslands, Illinois, USA. Species were classified according to family, location of origin [N = native (to Illinois/USA), I = introduced (from outside USA); USDA plant database 2012], life history (A = annual, B = biennial, P = perennial), guild (F = forb, G = graminoid, L = legume) and whether the species was sown or non-sown (S = sown, N = non-sown). Totals represent the number of ramets/0.25 m² across the restoration chronosequence.

Species / Family / Origin / LifeHist / Guild / Sown/Non-sown / Total
Achillea millefolium L. / Asteraceae / NI / P / F / S / 35
Andropogon gerardii Vitman / Poaceae / N / P / G / S / 10
Anemone cylindrica A. Gray / Rosaceae / N / P / F / S / 4
Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richardson / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 44
Asclepias verticillata L. / Asclepiadaceae / N / P / F / S / 38
Astragalus canadensis L. / Fabaceae / N / P / L / S / 1
Baptisia alba (L.) Vent. / Fabaceae / N / P / L / S / 10
Baptisia bracteata Muhl. ex Elliott / Fabaceae / N / P / L / S / 10
Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. / Poaceae / N / P / G / S / 121
Bromus inermis Leyss. / Poaceae / N / P / G / N / 55
Carex bicknellii Britton / Cyperaceae / N / P / G / S / 255
Cirsium discolor (Muhl ex Willd.) Spreng. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / N / 3
Coreopsis palmata Nutt. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 11
Dalea purpurea Vent. / Fabaceae / N / P / L / S / 16
Daucus carota L. / Apiaceae / I / B / F / N / 4
Desmodium illinoense A. Gray / Fabaceae / N / P / L / S / 8
Dichanthelium oligosanthes (Schult.) Gould var. scribneranium (Nash) Gould / Poaceae / N / P / G / S / 110
Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 103
Elymus canadensis L. / Poaceae / N / P / G / S / 278
Eupatorium altissimum L. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 7
Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 40
Juncus sp. L. / Juncaceae / --- / --- / G / --- / 4
Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult. / Poaceae / N / P / G / S / 1,027
Lespedeza capitata Michx. / Fabaceae / N / P / L / S / 18
Liatris pycnostachya Michx. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 12
Monarda fistulosa L. / Lamiaceae / N / P / F / S / 41
Oligoneuron album (Nutt.) G.L. Nesom / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 37
Oligoneuron rigidum (L.) Small / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 24
Penstemon digitalis Nutt ex Sims / Scrophulariaceae / N / P / F / S / 49
Penstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. / Scrophulariaceae / N / P / F / S / 10
Penstemon pallidus Small / Scrophulariaceae / N / P / F / S / 22
Poa compressa L. / Poaceae / I / P / G / N / 67
Poa pratensis L. / Poaceae / I / P / G / N / 1,630
Potentilla arguta Pursh / Rosaceae / N / P / F / S / 5
Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnhart / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 50
Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash / Poaceae / N / P / G / S / 3,566
Silphium laciniatum L. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 4
Sisyrinchium albidum Raf. / Iridaceae / N / P / F / S / 6
Solidago canadensis L. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 27
Solidago nemoralis Aiton / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 72
Solidago speciosa Nutt. / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 37
Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash / Poaceae / N / P / G / S / 607
Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) G.L. Nesom / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 62
Symphyotrichum sericeum (Vent.) G.L. Nesom / Asteraceae / N / P / F / S / 5
Symphyotrichum sp. L. / Asteraceae / --- / --- / F / --- / 11
Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. / Asteraceae / NI / P / F / N / 4
Tradescantia ohiensis Raf. / Commelinaceae / N / P / F / S / 43
Trifolium repens L. / Fabaceae / I / P / L / N / 6
Verbena stricta Vent. / Verbenaceae / N / P / F / S / 7
Viola sagittata Aiton / Violaceae / N / P / F / S / 41
Viola sororia Willd. / Violaceae / N / P / F / N / 3
Zizia aurea (L.) W.D.J. Koch / Apiaceae / N / P / F / S / 1

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