Online Appendix: Two-Part Model, Son Preference and Children S Housework

Online Appendix: Two-part Model, Son Preference and Children’s Housework

(1) / (2)
VARIABLES / Participation / Hours
Girl / 0.176** / 0.043*
(0.078) / (0.023)
Son preference (=1 if SP>0.5) / -0.079* / 0.012
(0.046) / (0.013)
Son pref (=1 if SP>0.5) * girl / 0.319*** / 0.031**
(0.057) / (0.013)
Age / 0.424*** / 0.108***
(0.013) / (0.003)
Age * girl / 0.180*** / 0.036***
(0.016) / (0.004)
Rural * girl / 0.321*** / 0.011
(0.094) / (0.027)
Rural areas / -0.246*** / 0.133***
(0.094) / (0.027)
rural * age / 0.074*** / 0.005
(0.014) / (0.004)
Rural *age * girl / 0.022 / 0.001
(0.021) / (0.005)
Ever attended school 2005 / 0.635*** / -0.088***
(0.040) / (0.010)
Hours worked for hh members / 0.048*** / 0.009***
(0.004) / (0.001)
Hours worked for non-hh members / -0.007*** / -0.002***
(0.002) / (0.001)
Number of sisters / 0.022 / -0.001
(0.016) / (0.004)
Number of brothers / 0.095*** / 0.025***
(0.019) / (0.005)
Indifferent about children's sex / -0.010 / -0.002
(0.049) / (0.014)
Ideal # of children >= 4 / 0.077 / 0.063***
(0.050) / (0.013)
Mother's age / -0.033*** / -0.007***
(0.003) / (0.001)
Mother's education / -0.006 / -0.007***
(0.005) / (0.001)
Father’s education / -0.013*** / -0.002*
(0.005) / (0.001)
Number of family members / -0.053*** / -0.003
(0.007) / (0.002)
Wealth index / -0.038*** / -0.009***
(0.003) / (0.001)
Muslim / -0.430*** / -0.020
(0.071) / (0.020)
Muslim * girl / 0.144** / 0.013
(0.069) / (0.017)
Gdp per capita (10,000 rupee) (state) / -0.255*** / -0.000
(0.029) / (0.008)
Pop density (1,000 people/km2) (state) / 0.273*** / 0.008
(0.024) / (0.006)
Infant mortality rate (state) / -0.004* / 0.010***
(0.002) / (0.001)
North India / 1.271*** / 0.003
(0.095) / (0.024)
North India * girl / 0.145** / 0.051***
(0.057) / (0.013)
Constant / -1.195*** / 0.749***
(0.184) / (0.050)
ln(SD(PSU-level)) / 0.516*** / -0.867***
(0.020) / (0.018)
Ln(SD(family-level)) / 0.649*** / -0.573***
(0.021) / (0.008)
Ln(SD(residual)) / -0.720***
(0.005)
Observations / 80678 / 45397
Number of groups / 3847 / 3722

Note: Models include all mother and children’s characteristics, state characteristic and regional and religious controls as in column (5) of Table 2.Standard errors in parentheses *: p< 0.05, **: p< 0.01, ***:p<0.001

Source: NFHS-3, 2005.

Specification of sibling structure, two-child family

sex composition (first, second) / girl / first-born / first-born*girl / # of sisters
b / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0
b / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
b / 0 / 1 / 0 / 1
g / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0
g / 1 / 1 / 1 / 0
b / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
g / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
g / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1

Specification of sibling structure, three-child family

sex composition (first,second,third) / girl / first-born / first-born * girl / second-born / second-born*girl / number of sister, order 1 / number of sister, order 2
b / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
b / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0
b / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
b / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0
b / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1
g / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
b / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
g / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0
b / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
b / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 1
g / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 1
g / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
g / 1 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
b / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1
b / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0
g / 1 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0
b / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 2
g / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0
g / 1 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
g / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 1
b / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 2
g / 1 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 2
g / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 2
g / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 2

Hours of household workby family size

(1) / (2) / (3) / (4) / (5)
VARIABLES / All / 1 Child / 2 Children / 3 Children / 4 Children
Girl / -0.548*** / 0.006 / -0.158 / -0.314 / -0.747*
(0.135) / (0.472) / (0.206) / (0.268) / (0.389)
Son preference (=1 if SP>0.5) / -0.160** / -0.442 / -0.135 / -0.160 / -0.071
(0.081) / (0.344) / (0.161) / (0.145) / (0.196)
Son pref (=1 if SP>0.5) * girl / 0.862*** / 1.594** / 1.109*** / 0.735*** / 0.603***
(0.099) / (0.628) / (0.244) / (0.175) / (0.222)
Age / 0.593*** / 0.298*** / 0.354*** / 0.439*** / 0.472***
(0.020) / (0.076) / (0.030) / (0.038) / (0.054)
Age * girl / 0.495*** / 0.267** / 0.239*** / 0.372*** / 0.555***
(0.027) / (0.107) / (0.041) / (0.049) / (0.068)
Rural * girl / 0.378** / -0.275 / 0.395 / 0.443 / 0.446
(0.165) / (0.696) / (0.258) / (0.298) / (0.406)
Rural areas / -0.706*** / -0.227 / -0.488** / -0.717*** / -0.382
(0.150) / (0.487) / (0.202) / (0.250) / (0.345)
rural * age / 0.267*** / 0.056 / 0.170*** / 0.237*** / 0.232***
(0.025) / (0.109) / (0.039) / (0.045) / (0.061)
Rural *age * girl / 0.149*** / 0.416** / 0.199*** / 0.126** / 0.015
(0.035) / (0.172) / (0.059) / (0.064) / (0.085)
Ever attended school 2005 / -1.005*** / -0.400 / -0.608*** / -0.771*** / -1.078***
(0.066) / (0.351) / (0.137) / (0.132) / (0.148)
Hours worked for hh members / 0.170*** / 0.202*** / 0.211*** / 0.121*** / 0.153***
(0.006) / (0.047) / (0.015) / (0.011) / (0.013)
Hours worked for non-hh members / -0.011** / 0.076*** / 0.030*** / 0.020** / -0.015
(0.004) / (0.028) / (0.010) / (0.009) / (0.009)
Indifferent about children's sex / 0.117 / -0.097 / -0.061 / 0.046 / 0.485*
(0.083) / (0.250) / (0.112) / (0.163) / (0.253)
Ideal # of children >= 4 / 0.440*** / 1.457** / 1.581*** / 0.603*** / 0.320*
(0.084) / (0.622) / (0.241) / (0.187) / (0.166)
Mother's age / -0.048*** / 0.006 / 0.055*** / 0.072*** / 0.085***
(0.006) / (0.022) / (0.012) / (0.014) / (0.018)
Mother's education / -0.027*** / -0.047 / -0.058*** / -0.074*** / -0.014
(0.009) / (0.034) / (0.014) / (0.016) / (0.023)
Father’s education / -0.011 / -0.026 / -0.030** / -0.001 / -0.028
(0.008) / (0.032) / (0.013) / (0.014) / (0.019)
Number of family members / -0.051*** / -0.034 / -0.034* / -0.038* / -0.115***
(0.011) / (0.043) / (0.018) / (0.021) / (0.029)
Wealth index / -0.065*** / -0.030 / -0.058*** / -0.057*** / -0.049***
(0.005) / (0.020) / (0.008) / (0.010) / (0.013)
Muslim / -0.720*** / -0.348 / -0.654*** / -0.780*** / -0.936***
(0.119) / (0.550) / (0.217) / (0.219) / (0.256)
Muslim * girl / 0.539*** / -0.866 / 0.304 / 0.408 / 0.174
(0.120) / (0.799) / (0.275) / (0.248) / (0.270)
Gdp per capita (10,000 rupee) (state) / -0.285*** / -0.068 / -0.094* / -0.257*** / -0.436***
(0.042) / (0.087) / (0.051) / (0.064) / (0.085)
Pop density (1,000 people/km2) (state) / 0.143*** / 0.090 / 0.102*** / 0.162*** / 0.242***
(0.034) / (0.081) / (0.039) / (0.049) / (0.065)
Infant mortality rate (state) / 0.018*** / 0.025*** / 0.027*** / 0.025*** / 0.023***
(0.003) / (0.008) / (0.004) / (0.005) / (0.006)
North India / 0.872*** / 1.738*** / 1.049*** / 0.957*** / 0.622**
(0.138) / (0.415) / (0.183) / (0.203) / (0.249)
North India * girl / 0.677*** / -0.229 / 0.562*** / 0.165 / 0.428**
(0.097) / (0.594) / (0.188) / (0.180) / (0.218)
first-born / 0.454*** / 1.400*** / 2.293***
(0.100) / (0.158) / (0.275)
First-born*girl / -0.164 / 0.224 / 1.171***
(0.155) / (0.204) / (0.314)
Second born / 0.628*** / 1.236***
(0.149) / (0.253)
Second born * girl / 0.025 / 1.006***
(0.203) / (0.293)
number of sisters, order-1 / -0.440*** / -0.320***
(0.082) / (0.096)
number of sisters, order-2 / -0.168 / -0.231**
(0.106) / (0.110)
number of sisters / -0.014 / -0.078
(0.027) / (0.082)
number of brothers / 0.187***
(0.032)
Third-born / 0.775***
(0.222)
Third-born * girl / 0.256
(0.294)
Number of sisters, order-3 / 0.019
(0.158)
Constant / 2.550*** / 1.075 / 0.527 / 0.503 / 0.509
(0.282) / (0.786) / (0.402) / (0.504) / (0.681)
ln(SD(PSU)) / 0.821*** / 0.684*** / 0.924*** / 0.948***
(0.018) / (0.037) / (0.031) / (0.043)
Ln(SD(family level)) / 1.219*** / 1.187*** / 1.306*** / 1.344***
(0.010) / (0.018) / (0.018) / (0.023)
Ln(SD(residual)) / 1.703*** / 1.394*** / 1.598*** / 1.720***
(0.004) / (0.009) / (0.007) / (0.008)
Observations / 80657 / 2752 / 18483 / 22003 / 16151
R-squared / 0.142
Number of groups / 3847 / 3400 / 3471 / 2771