Online Appendix 1 Conditions for laboratory culturing of coccinellid species for phenotypic assessment of male-killer presence. Unless otherwise stated, aphids used were Acyrthosiphon pisum, supplemented occasionally by Aphis fabae, Aphis ruborum and Microlophium carnosum.

Species / Food used for reproducing adults / Food used for larvae / Oviposition medium / Diapause conditions
Adalia 2-punctata / Aphids / Aphids / Petri dish surfaces / Continuous breeding
Adalia 10-punctata / Aphids / Aphids / Petri dish surfaces / Continuous breeding
Adonia variegata / Aphids / Aphids / Petri dish surfaces / Continuous breeding
Anatis ocellata / Aphids (supplementation by Cinara aphids increased oviposition rate) / Aphids / Petri dish surfaces / Minimum of 8 weeks at <4oC
Aphidecta obliterata / Aphids / Aphids / Tissue paper: (Oviposition rate increased by adding conifer needles to Petri dish) / Minimum of 8 weeks at <4°C
Calvia 14-guttata / Aphids / Aphids / Petri dish surfaces / Minimum of 8 weeks at <4°C
Cheilomenes 6-maculata / Aphids / Aphids / Petri dish surfaces / Continuous breeding
Chilocorus renipustulatus / Aphids / Aphids / Cotton wool / Minimum of 8 weeks at <4°C
Coccinella 7-punctata / Aphids / Aphids / Petri dish surfaces / Minimum of 8 weeks at <4°C
Coccinella transversoguttata / Aphids / Aphids / Filter paper / Minimum of 8 weeks at <4°C
Coccinella 11-punctata / Aphids / Aphids / Petri dish surfaces / Minimum of 8 weeks at <4°C
Coccinula 14-pustulata / Aphids / Aphids / Petri dish surfaces / Continuous breeding
Coccinula sinensis / Aphids / Aphids / Petri dish surfaces / Continuous breeding
Coleomegilla maculata / Aphids / Aphids / Petri dish surfaces / Continuous breeding
Eocaria muiri / Aphids / Aphids / Petri dish surfaces / Continuous breeding
Exochomus 4-pustulatus / Aphids / Aphids / Cotton wool / Minimum of 8 weeks at <4°C
Halyzia 16-guttata / Erysiphaceae fungi on sycamore (Acer pseudoplanatus) leaves. Adults sleeved on live branches, or leaves changed twice daily, on damp filter paper / Erysiphaceae fungi on sycamore (Acer pseudoplanatus) leaves. Leaves changed twice daily on damp filter paper / Sleeved sycamore with Erysiphacaea fungi on leaves. Petri dish surfaces / Minimum of 8 weeks at <4°C: requires 16+h daylight to oviposit (optimum 18.5h)
Harmonia 4-punctata / Aphids / Aphids / Petri dish surfaces / Continuous breeding
Harmonia axyridis / Aphids / Aphids / Petri dish surfaces / Continuous breeding
Harmonia confusum / Aphids / Aphids / Petri dish surfaces / Continuous breeding
Henosepilachna 28-maculata / Leaves of curcurbits / Leaves of curcurbits / Petri dish surfaces / Continuous breeding
Henosepilachna 28-punctata / Leaves of potato / Leaves of potato / Petri dish surfaces / Continuous breeding
Hippodamia 13-punctata / Aphids / Aphids / Filter paper / Minimum of 8 weeks at <4°C
Hippodamia arctica / Aphids / Aphids / Petri dish surfaces / Minimum of 8 weeks at <-4°C
Hippodamia convergens / Aphids / Aphids / Petri dish surfaces / Continuous breeding
Mysia oblongoguttata / Aphids of the genus Cinara from conifers required for oviposition / Aphids supplemented by Cinara aphids at least once per week / Filter paper / Minimum of 8 weeks at <4°C
Orcus bilunatus / Aphids / Aphids / Cotton wool / Continuous breeding
Propylea 14-punctata / Aphids / Aphids / Petri dish surfaces / Continuous breeding
Propylea japonica / Aphids / Aphids / Petri dish surfaces / Continuous breeding
Thea 22-punctata / Erysiphaceae fungi on hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium) leaves / Erysiphaceae fungi on hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium) leaves / Filter paper / Minimum of 8 weeks at <4°C: requires 16+h daylight to oviposit