Chapter 2 - You matter! What are you made of?

  1. Atoms - Smallest particle of an element that still has all the properties of that element. All matter in the universe is composed of atoms.

States of matter: Solid-atoms are tightly packed in definite shape.

Liquids-atoms are packed loosely.

Gas-no definite shape or volume.

There are 500,000,000,000 billion atoms in this (.)

Three subatomic particlesIn the nucleus

  1. Proton (+)
  2. neutron (n)

Outside the nucleus

  1. electron (-)

If an atom is expanded to the size of Giant Stadium the nucleus would be the

size of a bee & electrons would be flying around in the nose bleed section.

  1. Elements – found on the periodic table. Elements cannot be broken down into smaller particles without losing its properties.

Examples of elements: carbon C oxygen O hydrogen H nitrogen N phosphorous P sulfur S

90% of all living organisms are composed of just 6 elements C, O, H, N, P & S.

Above draw Neon(Ne)

Ions – any atom or molecule with a charge, positive or negative.

In order for an atom to have a charge, it has to gain or lose election.

The process of making an ion is called ionization.

All elements on the periodic table are neutral. The # of positive charges from the protons and the # of negative charges from the electrons make the atom neutral.

  1. Compounds– 2 or more kinds of atoms combined in a specific proportion.

The smallest part of a Compounds is a molecule.

Example: Water

  1. Bonds –hold atoms together to make compounds

Bonds contain STORED ENERGY from the sun

Breaking these bonds releases energy

2 types of bonds

Covalent –sharing of electrons

When carbon bonds with carbon it’s a covalent bond.

Water also bonds covalently.

Ionic bonding – transfer of electrons

Water– is compound that is considered polar(an uneven charge)

Importance of water due to polarization & hydrogen bonding

1- universal solvent

2- high heat capacity (water temperature moderation)

3- capillary action-helps water up a tree

4- surface tension

Acids & Alkaline – depends upon the # ofhydronium

ions and hydroxide ion

Acids produce H+(hydronium ion) in aqueous solutions

HCl H+ (hydronium ion) + Cl-

Alkaline produce OH- (hydroxide ion) in aqueous solutions

NaOH Na+ + OH- (hydroxide ion)

H2O molecules = ______H2O molecules = ______H2O molecules = ______

H+ molecules = ______H+ molecules = ______H+ molecules = ______

OH- molecules = ______OH- molecules = ______OH- molecules = ______

Neutral, acid or alkalineNeutral, acid or alkaline Neutral, acid or alkaline

  1. How do we diagram food as chemical compounds?
  1. Diagramming Bonds between atoms
  1. Single & multiple Bonds

C-CC = CC C

O-OO = O

  1. How do you know how many bonds an atom can make?

C, H, O, N bonds determined by the number of valence electrons

Bond number + valence number of electrons = 8

  1. Molecular Formulas for Compounds

1

  1. Structural Formulas for Compounds
  1. Chemical Reactions between Compounds (Worksheets)

Practice:

For each of the structural formulas below, write the molecular formula.

Study the structural formulas. Figure out how many bonds hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen will normally form.

Hydrogen - ______Oxygen - ______Carbon - ______Nitrogen - ______

Label the reactants and the products in the chemical reaction diagrammed below See if you can draw the structural formula for each reactant and product following the rules you figured out above.

1

  1. The Big Three of Organic Foods

CARBOHYDRATES: Saccharides

Prefix / Mono / Di / Poly
Image / / /
Base / Saccharide / Saccharide / Saccharide
Function / Source of Energy / Store energy
Make up Cell Structure
Examples / Simple Sugar (glucose), / Sucrose (table sugar), Lactose / Starch (Plants Glycogen (Animals
Cellulose only) only)
Structure /
Key Features / Hexagon Shape / / 2 H for 1 O

PROTEINS: Peptides

Prefix / / Di / Poly
Image / / /
Base / Peptide / Peptide
Function / Building blocks for Proteins / Structure (muscles)
Enzymes, Hormones, Antibodies
Examples / Amino Acid / Dipeptide / Polypeptide
Structure / / N-C-C----N-C-C / N-C-C ---N-C-C --- N-C-C --- N-C-C ---N-C-C
Key Features / N – the only one of the Big 3 with Nitrogen / R = Variable group for 20 different amino acids

1

FATS (lipids) also known as Triglycerides

Image / / /
Base / Glycerol / Fatty Acid / Lipid (Fat)
Function / Holds Fat together Builds Fat / Long Term Energy Storage and insulation
Also makes up cell membrane
Examples / Lard, Butter, Oil
Structure /
Key Features / Glycerol has 3 vertical Carbons

Biochemistry in a Nutshell

Macromolecule
(Biological
Polymer) / Repeating Unit
(Building Block) / Function in Living Organisms / Molecular
Structure
Key Features
Carbohydrates /
Simple Sugar / Mono and Disaccharides are used for energy
Polysaccharides are used for storage and cell structure (ex. Cell membrane) /
Proteins / Amino Acid
/ Muscles
Enzymes
Hormones
Antibodies / N
Lipids (Fat) / / Energy Storage
Insulation
Cell Structure (Cell membrane and ER) / E

1