N010a Southern Asia: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka 12/15/2018
NOTES: Southern Asia: India & Pakistan
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - 1750 - 1899
- use of machines to make (manufacture) products
- go from cottage industry (goods made in homes) to factories (mass production of goods using machines)
- machines run by energy: water, steam, coal, electricity
+ mass production of goods more efficient: quicker & cheaper + standardized
- need more workers ... including women & children
- towns grow into cities (industrialization ... urbanization)
- constant need for raw materials ... coal & iron ... leads to imperialism, mercantilism, nationalism, colonialism
- working conditions bad ... long hours, low pay, crowded conditions ... often too warm or too cold ... accidents
- pollution from smoke stacks ... in air & water
... leads to a second round of
IMPERIALISM ... COLONIALISM ... MERCANTILISM
...... the targets: Sub-Saharan Africa ... Southern Asia (India)
the Far East: China & Southeast Asia
* * * SOUTHERN ASIA * * *
Geographically speaking ...
- southern Asia is referred to as a PENINSULA ...
- - - it's northern border is marked by the Himalayan Mountains
- - - it's southern border is marked by the Indian Ocean
- - - it's western border is marked by the Arabian Sea
- - - it's eastern border is marked by the Bay of Bengal
- - CLIMATE.... southern Asia has very hot late Springs .... late May - early June
... temperatures often go over 110 degrees
... things cool often when the annual MONSOON rains occur in late June - July
...... before the tropical rains come ... there are extreme drought conditions & water shortages
POLYTHEISM
- belief in many Gods
- often closely associated with nature / environment
- has existed since at least 4500 BC
- still exists today in some parts of the world
- forms
- Animism
- found in Africa
- things, living & non-living have spirits
- mountains, rivers, perhaps famous tree
- Shintoism
- found in Japan
- respect for the land
- land / space limited
- Taoism / Daoism
- harmony between man & nature
- harmony, love & learning taught by nature
- belief in opposing forces
- Good & Evil
- Yin & Yang
- practiced in China
- Hinduism
- 3 major Gods
- Brahman ... creator
- Vishnu ... preserver
- Shiva ... destroyer
- practiced in India
MONOTHEISM
- belief in 1 God / Creator
- Judaism
- Christianity
- Islam
HINDUISM
- practiced in India / southern Asia
- polytheistic
- belief in 3 major gods:
- Brahma "Creator"
- Vishnu "Preserver"
- Shiva "Destroyer"
- belief in "reincarnation"
...... body cremated to release the soul
- - dharma .... duties in life
- - karma ... your final fate / judgement
...... leads to "degree" soul is polluted
- - reincarnation continues until person reaches "nirvana"
- - caste system ... closed class system
...... you are born into the caste of your family
...... sign of soul's pollution
- sacred texts:
... Mahabharata ... includes the Bhagavad Gita (sacred Hindu text)
... Vedas
... Upanishads
... Ramayana
- cow considered sacred ... sign of universe & humanity
- many Hindus are vegetarians
- Ganges River is considered "sacred"
BUDDHISM
- founded 6th century BC ... Siddhartha Gautama "Buddha" .. enlightened one
- Beliefs:
- Four Noble Truths
- our pain is caused by our desire for material things
- Eightfold Path
- way to relieve suffering
- give up material wealth & desires
- meditate
- have "moral" lives .... proper conduct & behavior
- "Nirvana" ... end of the cycle of reincarnation ... end of suffering
ISLAM ... AS A BELIEF SYSTEM
- monotheistic religion
- centered in Mecca (Saudi Arabia)
- follow "5 Pillars"
- submit to 1 God
- pray 5 times each day
- regulates people's lives ... time they get up in the morning
- hajj/hajd ... religious trip/pilgrimage to Mecca
- Ramadan ... holy month ... fasting ... in memory of Mohammed receiving the Qu'ran (Koran)
followers called "Moslems/Muslims"
- pray in a Mosque
- - led by Mullah / Ayatollah /Muezzin
- woman have few, if any rights
- - often must be completed covered with "Chador"
- - many can not drive .. not allowed
2 major groups:
SHIA
- believe religion & government should be 1 THEOCRACY
- - Sharia (Islamic law codes) influence laws of land
- very conservative ... often anti-West
- Ali was the leader ... 4th successor to Mohammad
- centered in Iraq & southern Iraq (Karbala)
SUNNI
- believe in separation of religion & government
- leaders are elected
- centered in Mecca
- make 90% of followers of Islam
SOUTHERN ASIA - INDIA/PAKISTAN:
- part of Asian continent
- natural boundaries
- Himalayan mountains
- Indian Ocean
- Indus River ... Ganges, & Brahmaputra Rivers
- tropical ... Tropic of Cancer is located to south of peninsula
- monsoons occur in June, July & August
- bring needed rain
2500 BC ... HARAPPAN civilization
- located near Indus River
- prone to flooding
- people rebuilt cities on top of old one ... that had been destroyed
- planned cities
- sewers
- indoor plumbing
- agrarian .... agriculture for a living
- Sanskirt writing system
2600 BC ... MOHENJO-DARO civilization
- located on eastern side of Indus River
- prone to flooding
- urban planning
- city 3 miles in size
- distinct parts ...
- citadel .. hill / fortress for rulers
- valley for subjects ... everyone else
- agriculture,
... but also craftsmen ... pottery, art, toys
- camels used for transportation
- good use of mathematics: geometry
ARYAN
1500 BC
... located north - central India ... Ganges River plain
- beginnings of Hinduism
- - sacred texts:
...... Mahabharata
...... Vedas
...... Upanishads
- - developed "Sanskirt" ... as written language
- - caste system
MAURYAN EMPIRE
6th Century BC
... located northeastern India
- adopted Buddhism ... courtesy of Asoka (believed in non-violence)
- expanded Empire
GUPTA EMPIRE
320 - 535 AD
- India unified again under 1 rule
... "Golden Age of India" ...
- peace
- flowering of culture:
- literature
- mathematics
- decimal
- number "0"
MUGHAL INDIA
- 550 AD ... Gupta Empire ends
- upper classes battle for control
+ splinters / divides India .... makes it weak
- 700 AD ... Turks start to move east towards India
- 1200 AD ... "Delhi Sultanate"
... beginning of Muslim rule in India
... "new" social ideas introduced
... social order .... no caste/closed class structure
- 1398 AD .. Tamerlane (Mongol) invades northern India ... destroys much of Delhi
- India broken into several states ... Hindu & Muslim
- 1556 AD ... "Mughal India" ...
The Mughal Dynasty is a line of Muslim emperors who reigned in India from 1526 to 1858. Babur, the first mughal emperor, was a descendant of the Turkish conqueror Timur on his father's side
and of the Mongol (in Persian, mughal) conqueror Genghis Khan
- rule by Akbar the Great
- Muslim leader
.... BUT tolerant of Hindus ... wants peaceful coexistence
... assisted by wife Nur Jahan ... smart, skillful, love of politics, sport & poetry
- "Taj Mahal" built
- by Akbar's grandson
- in memory of wife
- burial tomb for wife
- Persian style
- walls decorated by passages from Islamic Qu'ran (Koran)
1600 AD - India splinters again
- late 1400s .... European explorers (Portuguese) already have colony in India
+ beginning of European Imperialism
1750 - British East India Company takes over India ... economically & politically
1850s - Sepoy Mutiny ... Hindus & Muslims unite & revolt over use of Enfield rifle which requires greasing the cartridge with cow & pig fat
- leads to masascres on both sides
... end of British East India Company ... India becomes a "crown" colony
- economically .. raw materials taken out of southern Asia
- positive note: railroads built ... telegraph lines built .... allows better British control
BUT brings India in to the 20th century
- schools built ... literacy increased ... English language allows allow Indians to communicate with each other
- hospitals built ... people vaccinated ....
late 1800s ... movements for Indian independence
- Indian National Congress ... led by Mohandas Gandhi
- Muslim League ... led by Mohammed Ali Jinnah
1918 - Amritsar Massacre ... British kill 400, wound 1200 Indians protesting British law
1920 - 1945 .... Mohandas K Gandhi (the Mahatma ... Great Soul)
leads fight for Indian independence
- passive resistance ... peaceful protest .. non-violence ... non-cooperation
- goes on Salt March in 1930s ... marches to sea & makes salt to protest British tax on salt
1947 - Britain grants independence to India
- bloodshed between Hindus & Muslims
- Mohandas Gandhi fasts in protest
- leads to Pakistan (Muslim) & India (Hindu)
1950s - Nehru ... India's first Prime Minister (British parliamentary style government)
- nonalignment (neutral stance when dealing with US & USSR
- command economy ... though not rigid ... mandatory like China & USSR
1950s ... Jinnah leader of Pakistan
1972 ... East Pakistan becomes Bangladesh ... based on ethnic & geographic differences
1960s, 70s & early 80s ... Indira Gandhi leads India (female)
- encourages sterilization to decrease population
- accused of corruption & censors the press
- assassinated by Sikh extremists who want their own separate nation (Punjab)
late 1980s ... Rajiv Gandhi assassinated by extremists
Mother Theresa ... Roman Catholic nun ... won Nobel Peace Prize for work with poor in India
- she took the Untouchables (harijans) lowest caste & helped them
- her sisters (order of nuns) created hospitals, schools, shelters
TODAY … 2014:
- tension between India & Pakistan over Kashmir
- India & Pakistan both have nuclear weapons
… Note: I was in the “cross hairs” when the 2 nations almost went at it … to war … back in 2002
- both nations still underdeveloped ... per capita about $2,000
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