Module 9 – Domain II: Economic/Social

After reviewing Module 9 lecture, you should be able to:

  1. Describe economic and social factors and the impact on nutrition when assessing individuals.

Socioeconomic factors

  • Intake is affected by income, ability to purchase foods, access to cooking equipment, living situation

Cultural food patterns

  • African – foods are usually boiled or fried
    common foods – grits, cornbread, pork, chicken, beans, melon,
    greens, buttermilk, cheese
  • Asian – foods are usually boiled, steamed or stir-fried
    common foods – rice, noodles, fish, pork, pickled or stir-fried vegetables, tofu
    (dairy generally is not consumed)
  • Mexican – foods are usually fried
    common foods – tortillas, rice, fish, beans, poultry and pork, bananas, peppers,
    corn, tomatoes, avocado, goat milk cheese
  • Middle-Eastern – foods are usually roasted or grilled
    common foods – bulgur, millet, lamb, poultry, beans, cabbage, cucumber, dates,
    figs, tomatoes, cow and goat milk

Psychological and behavioral factors

  • Mental status affects food intake; psychological assessment is helpful when considering nutrition intervention
  • mini-mental state examination – assessment of attention, memory, and language

Religion

  • Kosher diets
  • requires consumption of foods only with kosher markings (indicate rabbi inspected)
  • milk and meats are not to be consumed at the same meal
  • pareve (neutral foods such as eggs, grains, fish, fruits or vegetables) can be eaten with meat or milk
  • prohibited foods include pork, shellfish and crustaceans, meat from animals that do not chew their cud and have cloven hooves (pigs), cuts of meat containing blood
  • Muslim
  • prohibited foods include all pork, meats slaughtered by one who is not Jewish, Muslim, or Christian, and alcohol products
  • Roman Catholic
  • meat is not allowed on Ash Wednesday or Fridays during the 40 days prior to Easter (Lent) for those over age 7
  • Seventh Day Adventist
  • prohibited foods include all pork, alcohol, and caffeine
  • most limit meat or are lacto-ovo vegetarian

Lifestyles

Vegetarianism

  • Vegetarian – general term to describe those who exclude meat, poultry, fish, or other animal-derived foods from the diet
  • Lacto vegetarianinclude milk and milk products
    exclude meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs from their diet
  • Lacto-ovo vegetarian include milk, milk products, and eggs
    exclude meat, poultry, and seafood from their diet
  • Veganexclude all animal-derived foods (including meat, poultry, seafood, milk and milk products, and eggs) from their diet
  • Note: to learn more about vegetarianism, read the Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Vegetarian Diets

Now that you have read the lecture, consider the following:

  1. Describe economic and social factors and the impact on nutrition when assessing individuals.
  2. List socioeconomic factors that affect food choices.
  3. Bulgur, millet and lamb are common foods from which culture?
  4. What is meant by kosher? Pareve?
  5. Describe differences between Roman Catholic and Muslim food beliefs.
  6. What assesses memory, language, and attention?

1. Which of the following foods would you recommend to a patient who is Mexican-American to increase vitamin A in the diet?

a. bananas and potatoes

b. tortillas and flan

c. beans and avocados

d. peppers and melons

2. Which of the following foods would you recommend to a patient with African ethnicity to increase B vitamins in the diet?

a. pork and chicken

b. beans and melon

c. grits and melon

d. buttermilk and cheese

3. Which of the following foods would you recommend to a patient with Middle-Eastern ethnicity to increase vitamin C in the diet?

a. rice and cucumbers

b. cabbage and tomatoes

c. beans and figs

d. goat milk and dates

4. A 65-year old Asian female is referred to you for nutrition advice for her recent diagnosis of osteoporosis. Which of the following foods would you recommend to a patient with Asian ethnicity to increase calcium in the diet?

a. milk and rice

b. yogurt and fish

c. noodles and fish

d. tofu and broccoli

5. All of the following are considered socioeconomic factors affecting nutrition intake except:

a. living situation

b. income

c. appetite

d. food purchasing ability

6. A woman has lost 15 lbs in the past 3 months since her husband died. She reports that her husband could drive to do all the grocery shopping as she suffers from poor eyesight. You suspect her weight loss is due to:

a. socioeconomic factors

b. biological factors

c. nutritional factors

d. mental/psychological factors

7. An elderly-woman has lost 15 lbs in the past 3 months since her husband died. She reports that for the past several years she has become increasingly forgetful and currently lives alone. You suspect her weight loss is due to:

a. socioeconomic factors

b. mental/psychological factors

c. biological factors

d. nutritional factors

8. The mini-mental state examination includes assessment of all of the following except:

a. language

b. attention

c. writing

d. memory

9. Kosher markings of foods indicate:

a. inspection by a rabbi

b. contains no milk

c. contains no alcohol

d. contains no meat

10. Pareve foods:

a. are not allowed in kosher diets

b. are vegetarian foods

c. can be eaten with meats or milk

d. are eaten only during Passover

11. Which of these would be considered an acceptable meal in kosher diets?

a. baked ham, scalloped potatoes, broccoli, and apple juice

b. steamed lobster, roasted potatoes, asparagus, and milk

c. baked clams, steamed rice, asparagus, and apple juice

d. grilled halibut, steamed rice, broccoli, and apple juice

12. Prohibited foods in Muslim beliefs includes all of the following except:

a. wine

b. ham

c. lobster

d. pork roast

13. Prohibited foods in Seventh-Day Adventist beliefs includes all of the following except:

a. wine

b. halibut

c. ham

d. coffee

14. Which food group is often limited in Seventh-Day Adventist beliefs?

a. meat

b. fats

c. fruits

d. dairy

15. Which food group is not allowed in Roman Catholic beliefs during Lent on Fridays?

a. meat

b. fats

c. fruits

d. dairy

16. Which of the following vegetarian type would consume dairy products only from animals?

a. lacto ovo vegetarian

b. vegan

c. quasi vegetarian

d. lacto vegetarian

17. Which of the following vegetarian type would consume dairy and egg products from animals?

a. lacto vegetarian

b. vegan

c. quasi vegetarian

d. lacto ovo vegetarian

18. Which of the following is an acceptable meal for a vegan?

a. yogurt with granola and coffee

b. beans with rice and apple juice

c. vegetable and cheese pizza

d. poached egg with toast

19. Which nutrient via food sources may be of concern for a vegan?

a. calcium

b. vitamin B12

c. vitamin A

d. vitamin B6

20. You are serving lunch for a group of people. The guests include those of Kosher, Seventh-Day Adventist, and Muslim faiths. Which menu would be appropriate?

a. fruit salad, cottage cheese, roll, coffee

b. ham and cheese quiche, roll, lemonade

c. chicken salad, roll, milk

d. fruit salad, cottage cheese, roll, lemonade

21. A woman of Jewish faith has recently been admitted to the long-term care facility you are the dietitian for. What concern might this person have with meals served?

a. times meals are served

b. caffeine-containing beverages

c. combinations of foods

d. whether poultry is served

22. A man of Mexican ethnicity was referred to you for weight loss. Which of the following should be considered when discussing diet?

a. food preparation methods

b. fruit and vegetable intake

c. fish and poultry intake

d. grain intake

23. A Roman catholic man has recently been admitted to the long-term care facility you are the dietitian for. What concern might this person have with meals served?

a. combinations of food

b. whether poultry is served

c. caffeine-containing beverages

d. whether meat is served

24. An Asian woman has been referred to you for hypertension. Which of the following should be considered when discussing diet?

a. food preparation methods

b. sauces used in foods

c. grain intake

d. vegetable intake

25. A man who is a strict vegan has recently been admitted to the long-term care facility you are the dietitian for. What concern might this person have with meals served?

a. whether meat is served

b. whether dairy products are served

c. whether eggs are served

d. all of these

Module 9 – Domain II Quiz
Economic/Social
1. Which of the following foods would you recommend to a patient who is Mexican-American to increase vitamin A in the diet? Correct
a. bananas and potatoes
b. tortillas and flan
c. beans and avocados
d. peppers and melons
Vitamin A sources typically found in the Mexican American diet include peppers and melons.
2. Which of the following foods would you recommend to a patient with African ethnicity to increase B vitamins in the diet? Incorrect
a. pork and chicken
b. beans and melon
c. grits and melon
d. buttermilk and cheese
B vitamin rich foods typically found in an African food pattern are meats including pork and chicken.
3. Which of the following foods would you recommend to a patient with Middle-Eastern ethnicity to increase vitamin C in the diet? Correct
a. rice and cucumbers
b. cabbage and tomatoes
c. beans and figs
d. goat milk and dates
Vitamin C sources common in middle eastern diets include cabbage and tomatoes.
4. A 65-year old Asian female is referred to you for nutrition advise for her recent diagnosis of osteoporosis. Which of the following foods would you recommend to a patient with Asian ethnicity to increase calcium in the diet? Correct
a. milk and rice
b. yogurt and fish
c. noodles and fish
d. tofu and broccoli
Because dairy is generally not consumed in the Asian diet, tofu and broccoli should be incorporated to increase calcium.
5. All of the following are considered socioeconomic factors affecting nutrition intake except: Correct
a. living situation
b. income
c. appetite
d. food purchasing ability
Socioeconomic factors affecting nutrition intake include living situation, income, and food purchasing ability.
6. A woman has lost 15 lbs in the past 3 months since her husband died. She reports that her husband could drive to do all the grocery shopping as she suffers from poor eyesight. You suspect her weight loss is due to: Correct
a. socioeconomic factors
b. biological factors
c. nutritional factors
d. mental/psychological factors
The woman's inability to acquire food or socioeconomic factor is probably causing her weight loss.
7. An elderly-woman has lost 15 lbs in the past 3 months since her husband died. She reports that for the past several years she has become increasingly forgetful and currently lives alone. You suspect her weight loss is due to: Correct
a. socioeconomic factors
b. mental/psychological factors
c. nutritional factors
d. biological factors
The woman's increasing forgetfulness and living alone or mental/psychological factors are probably causing her weight loss.
8. The mini-mental state examination includes assessment of all of the following except: Correct
a. language
b. attention
c. writing
d. memory
The mini-mental state examination assesses attention, memory, and language.
9. Kosher markings of foods indicate: Correct
a. inspection by a rabbi
b. contains no meat
c. contains no milk
d. contains no alcohol
Kosher markings indicate a rabbi has inspected the food.
10. Pareve foods: Correct
a. are not allowed in kosher diets
b. are vegetarian foods
c. can be eaten with meats or milk
d. are eaten only during Passover
Pareve foods are considered neutral foods and can be eaten with milk or meat and include eggs, grains, fish, fruits or vegetables.
11. Which of these would be considered an acceptable meal in kosher diets? Correct
a. baked ham, scalloped potatoes, broccoli, and apple juice
b. steamed lobster, roasted potatoes, asparagus, and milk
c. baked clams, steamed rice, asparagus, and apple juice
d. grilled halibut, steamed rice, broccoli, and apple juice
Prohibited foods in the Kosher diet include pork, shellfish, and crustaceans, meat from animals that do not chew their cud and have cloven hooves, cuts of meat containing blood.
12. Prohibited foods in Muslim beliefs includes all of the following except: Correct
a. wine
b. ham
c. lobster
d. pork roast
Prohibited foods among Muslim include all pork, meat slaughtered by one who is not Jewish, Muslim, or Christian, and alcohol products.
13. Prohibited foods in Seventh-Day Adventist beliefs includes all of the following except: Correct
a. wine
b. halibut
c. coffee
d. ham
Prohibited foods in Seventh Day Adventist faith include all pork, alcohol, and caffeine; most limit meat or are lacto-ovo vegetarian.
14. Which food group is often limited in Seventh-Day Adventist beliefs? Correct
a. meat
b. dairy
c. fats
d. fruits
The meat group is often limited in Seventh Day Adventist beliefs.
15. Which food group is not allowed in Roman Catholic beliefs during Lent on Fridays? Correct
a. meat
b. fats
c. fruits
d. dairy
In the Roman Catholic faith meat is not allowed on Ash Wednesday or Fridays during the 40 days before Easter (Lent).
16. Which of the following vegetarian type would consume dairy products only from animals? Correct
a. lacto ovo vegetarian
b. vegan
c. quasi vegetarian
d. lacto vegetarian
A lacto vegetarian includes milk and milk products, but excludes meat and eggs from the diet.
17. Which of the following vegetarian type would consume dairy and egg products from animals? Correct
a. lacto vegetarian
b. vegan
c. quasi vegetarian
d. lacto ovo vegetarian
A lacto ovo vegetarian includes milk, milk products, eggs in their diet, but excludes meat.
18. Which of the following is an acceptable meal for a vegan? Correct
a. yogurt with granola and coffee
b. beans with rice and apple juice
c. vegetable and cheese pizza
d. poached egg with toast
A vegan excludes all animal derived products from their diet.
19. Which nutrient via food sources may be of concern for a vegan? Correct
a. calcium
b. vitamin B12
c. vitamin A
d. vitamin B6
Vitamin B12 sources are found in animal products only.
20. You are serving lunch for a group of people. The guests include those of Kosher, Seventh-Day Adventist, and Muslim faiths. Which menu would be appropriate? Correct
a. fruit salad, cottage cheese, roll, coffee
b. ham and cheese quiche, roll, lemonade
c. chicken salad, roll, milk
d. fruit salad, cottage cheese, roll, lemonade
Fruit salad, cottage cheese, a roll, and lemonade is an appropriate menu as no caffeine, combinations of meats and dairy products, or pork products are found in this menu.
21. A woman of Jewish faith has recently been admitted to the long-term care facility you are the dietitian for. What concern might this person have with meals served? Correct
a. times meals are served
b. caffeine-containing beverages
c. combinations of foods
d. whether poultry is served
A woman following a Kosher diet would be concerned with combinations of dairy and meat products at the same meal.
22. A man of Mexican ethnicity was referred to you for weight loss. Which of the following should be considered when discussing diet? Correct
a. food preparation methods
b. fruit and vegetable intake
c. fish and poultry intake
d. grain intake
Mexican preparation methods of foods may involve frying.
23. A Roman catholic man has recently been admitted to the long-term care facility you are the dietitian for. What concern might this person have with meals served? Correct
a. combinations of food
b. whether poultry is served
c. caffeine-containing beverages
d. whether meat is served
A Roman Catholic man might be concerned if meat is served during Lent.
24. An Asian woman has been referred to you for hypertension. Which of the following should be considered when discussing diet? Correct
a. food preparation methods
b. sauces used in foods
c. vegetable intake
d. grain intake
The Asian diet generally includes high sodium sauces in cooking.
25. A man who is a strict vegan has recently been admitted to the long-term care facility you are the dietitian for. What concern might this person have with meals served? Correct
a. whether meat is served
b. whether dairy products are served
c. whether eggs are served
d. all of these
A vegan excludes all animal products.