Методичні вказівки для студентів на кожне практичне заняття, які мають містити повну найбільш важливу та додаткову інформацію.
MODULE 1 "PLANT ANATOMY AND MORPHOLOGY "
Practical Lesson No 1
Theme: Plant cell anatomy and microscopy
Objective: To learn the technique of microscopy, methods of temporary plant cell specimens’ preparation. Identify the structural elements of cells and learn the rules of anatomical drawings.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Modern definition of the term "cell".
2. Structural features of the plant cells, the protoplast concept and the products of its activity.
3. Physical state and biological properties of the cytoplasm.
4. Plant, animal, bacterial and fungal cells distinction.
5. Methods of cells study: light and electron microscopy.
6. The structure of the light microscope and technique of microscopy.
7. Peculiarities of the specimens study, rules of anatomical sketching and protocols of lessons carrying out.
Practical lesson No 2
Theme. Types, structure, composition and function of plastids
Objective: To be able to identify types of plastids under the microscope and learn their complete characteristics for structure and functions.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. General characteristics of the main types of plastids.
2. The structure and chemical composition of chloroplasts.
3. Features of the structure, types and functions of chlorophylls. The biological essence of photosynthesis.
4. Chromoplasts: formation, function, biological significance.
5. Leucoplasts: structure, localization in a cell, function.
6. Transformation of some types of plastids into others.
7. Chromatophores as algal chloroplasts: features of the structure and pigments composition.
Practical lesson No 3
Theme: Constitutional and stored substances of plant cells. Their definition, formation and structure
Objectives: Learn the microscopy technique for starch grains and crystalline inclusions that have diagnostic meaning in plant cells.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Constitutional matters of cytoplasm: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, amino acids, enzymes, vitamins, etc., and their importance for certain cell and for plant in general.
2. Stored substances: the place of origin and accumulation in the cell, form of storing and significance.
3. Liquid carbohydrates: mono-di-and polysaccharides – their formation and localization in the cell.
4. Solid polysaccharides: molecular structure, chemical composition and properties of starch. The primary and secondary starch formation.
5. Starch grains: formation, structure, types of grains and their diagnostic value, qualitative reaction for starch.
6. Stored proteins: types of protein inclusions. Formation, structure and chemical composition of aleuronic grains; qualitative reactions for them.
7. Fatty oil: synthesis and accumulation in cells, chemical nature, properties, energy value, qualitative reaction.
Practical Lesson No 4
Theme: The composition of the cell juice. Definition of excretory substances of plant cells.
Objective. Learn the microscopy technique for determination of crystalline inclusions in plant cells.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. The cell juice of vacuole: chemical composition, physical and chemical properties.
2. Substances that compose the cell juice:
a) nitrogenous organic substances;
b) anitrogenous organic substances;
c) inorganic substances.
3. Excretory substances of the cell, their formation, localization.
4. The final metabolism products: calcium oxalate crystals – their formation, variety, diagnostic value.
5. Calcium carbonate crystals – origin and localisation
5. Reactions using for calcium oxalate and calcium carbonate crystals identification in the cell.
Practical lesson No 5
Theme: The cell wall structure. Pit types.
Objective: To learn the peculiarities of the plan cell wall structure, and study ways of a qualitative analysis for the substances of the cell membrane.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Primary cell wall origin, its composition and function.
2. Secondary cell wall: formation, structure, composition, function.
3. Characteristics of cell wall substances, their practical use.
4. The pores of the cell wall: their formation, structure, classification, purpose.
5. Plasmodesmata: formation, structure, functions.
6. Secondary chemical and structural changes of the cell wall, their practical use.
7. Qualitative reaction of substances that compose the cell wall.
Practical lesson No 6
Theme. Plant tissues concept. Dermal tissues.
Objective. Study general characteristics and classification of tissues. Learn the histological analysis essentials to determine the diagnostic features of different types of dermal tissues.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Plant tissue: definition, classification in accordance with the ways of origin, morphology, function, location in the organs.
2. Dermal tissue: function and classification.
3. Primary dermal tissue - epidermis, its formation. Main structural features and function of the histological elements of dermal tissues.
4. Basic epidermal cells: structure, function, diagnostic features.
5. Stomata: formation, position in relation to subsidiary epidermal cells, function, operation.
6. Major types of stomatal complexes, their taxonomic and diagnostic value.
7. Epidermal trichomes: formation, diversity, classification, morphological features, diagnostic value, practical use.
8. Protective epidermal facilities - cuticle wax, mucus and others, the impact of environmental factors to the epidermis composition.
9. Epiblema or rhizoderm - primary integumentary and adsorbing tissue of the root: formation, features of the structure and functioning.
10. Secondary dermal tissues: periderm: formation, composition and characteristics of the components, their significance and use.
12. Lenticels: formation, structure, functional and diagnostic value.
13. Cork - coating tissue of woody plants: formation, composition, cortex types, their diagnostic features, practical use.
Practical lesson No 7
Theme. Secretory and ground tissues.
Objective: To be able to identify the secretory and ground tissues types, in accordance with their main microscopic features and location in the plant body.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Secretory tissue: function and classification.
2. Exogenous secretory tissues and structures: functional peculiarities, localization, classification.
2.1. Glandular trichomes - capitate hairs, glandules, scales, nectaries: peculiarities of structure and function, taxonomic and diagnostic value.
2.2. Hidatodes or water stomata: formation, location, value, way of operation.
3. Endogenous excretory tissues and structures: the peculiarities of formation, structure, operation, location in the plant body, classification.
3.1. Cells-idioblasts: distinctive features, their location in the plant body, the composition of secretions.
3.2. Secretory receptacles, passages and ducts: classification by the mean of origin and structure, location in the plant organs, secretion composition, taxonomic and diagnostic value.
3.3. Lacticifers: classification by the ways of origin and structure, taxonomic and diagnostic value, composition of milky juice, it usage.
4. Ground tissue - assimilative, storing, water and gas skipping: function, structural features, location in the plant organs and their parts.
Practical lesson No 8
Theme. Mechanical and vascular Tissues.
Objective: Study the classification, structural features and location of mechanical and vascular (conductive) tissues. On the basis of the knowledge learned to be able to carry out the histological analysis and description of plant objects. To be able to determine the diagnostic features of tissues learned.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1Mehanichni tissue: classification, function, location in plant organs and their parts.
1.1. Collenchyma and its types: the place of origin, structural features;
1.2 Sclerenchyma fibers: in the bast, wood, pericycle, cortex;
1.3. Sklereides: structural features of the different types, localization in plant organs;
2. Vascular tissues, their function and classification.
3. Characteristics of the vascular tissues that provide an upward flow of substances in the plant body:
3.1. Vessels: origin, principles of operation, the variety of types and diagnostic value.
3.2. Traheides: structural features, principles of operation, the variety of types and diagnostic value.
4. Vascular tissue that provides a downward flow of organic matters – sieve cells, sieve tubes with companion cells: formation, structural features, principles of operation.
Practical lesson No 9
Theme. Xylem and phloem as a complex tissues. Vascular bundles.
Objective: To study the structural patterns of xylem and phloem, to be able to identify the vascular bundles types, find out their diagnostic features and taxonomic characteristics.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Phloem as a compound tissue (bast): histological composition, location in the plant body, importance.
2. Xylem as a compound tissue (wood): histological composition, location in the plant body, importance.
3. Phloem and xylem structure in monocots, dicots, gymnosperms and seed vascular plants.
4. Vascular bundles: formation, structure, types, arrangement patterns in plant organs, diagnostic value.
Practical lesson No 10
Theme: Independent educational and research work: “Identification and description of the diagnostic features of plant cells and tissues”. Test control for Content Module 1.
The program of self students’ study
1. The modern cells definitions. Differences of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The structure of the eukaryotic plant cell.
2. Protoplast and its components:
2.1. Cytoplasm: structure, chemical composition, biological, physical and chemical properties and their importance. Organelles and endomembranous structures of cytoplasm.
2.2. Plastids: formation, types and variety, their structure, chemical composition and function. The value and practical usage of plastid’ pigments. Biological relationship and the ability of certain plastid type convert into another one.
3. Vital products of protoplasts:
3.1. Cell wall: formation, structure, chemical composition, cell wall pores, their types and structural features, secondary changes of the cell wall, their importance, qualitative microreactions for the substance of the cell wall, its practical usage.
3.2. Vacuoles with the cell juice: formation, location in the cell, importance; the cell juice composition, practical usage of vacuole inclusions.
3.3. Cell inclusions: formation, classification in accordance with their value, physical and chemical properties, and accumulation sites in the cell.
3.4. The final metabolism products or excreted substances: crystalline inclusions, their chemical nature, formation and accumulation inside cells, tissues and organs; variety of forms and diagnostic value, qualitative reactions.
4. Stored or reserve nutrients - carbohydrates, proteins, fatty oils:
4.1. Liquid, soluble carbohydrates - mono-and disaccharides, polysaccharides (inulin and glycogen): site of synthesis, storage form, significance for plant and practical usage.
4.2. Solid, insoluble polysaccharides - starch: starch types, physical and chemical properties, reaction for starch types’ detection, mode of accumulation. Starch grains: formation, structure, types, diagnostic value, practical usage.
4.3. Storage proteins, or aleirone grains: their distinctions from the constitutional proteins, localization in the cell, forms of accumulation. Aleirone grains formation, structure, types, locations, accumulation, qualitative microreactions, value and practical usage.
4.4. Fatty oil: chemical nature and properties of formation and ways of accumulation in the cell, it distinctions from the essential oil, reaction for detection, significance and practical usage.
5. Ergastic substances of different nature and their significance for the cells and plants: essential oils, resins and balsams, tannins, mucus and gums, alkaloids, flavonoids and others, their biological importance and practical usage.
6. Plant tissues: definition, classification by ways of origin, morphology, function, arrangement in the organs; distinctive diagnostic features of major groups of tissues.
7. Forming tissues or meristems: function, structural features of meristematic cells, classification and significance of meristems for plant body.
8. Dermal tissue: functions and classification.
8.1. Primary integumentary tissue - epidermis: formation, features, functions, basic histological elements, their structure and function.
8.1.1. Main epidermal cells: structural features, functions, diagnostic traits.
8.1.2. Stomatal complexes: function, structure, mechanism of operation, main types, diagnostic and taxonomic significance; types of stomatal complexes of matured epidermis.
8.1.3. Epidermal trichomes: diversity and classification, structure, physiology and diagnostic value, practical use.
8.2. Secondary dermal tissues - periderm and cork: their formation, structure, significance, usage. Structure and function of letnticels, their diagnostic features.
8.3. Epiblema or rhizoderma as a covering and absorptive tissue of the root: peculiarities of structure and function.
9. Ground tissue - assimilating, storing, water and gas soaking – function of it, structural features, location in the plant body and its parts.
10. Excretory or secretory tissues and formations: function, classification, diagnostic value.
10.1. Endogenous secretory tissues and formations: functional peculiarities, location in the plant body, classification:
10.1.1. Cells-idioblasts: their signs (features), location in the plant body, chemical nature and composition of the secretions.
10.1.2. Secretory receptacles, passages and ducts: classification in accordance with the way of origin, location in the plant body and it parts, composition of secretions, taxonomic and diagnostic importance.
10.1.3. Lacticifers: classification in accordance with the way of formation and structure; composition, importance and usage of milky juice; its taxonomic and diagnostic meaning.
10.2. Exogenous excretory tissue and formations: specific function, location, classification.
10.2.1. Glandular trichomes - capitate hairs, glands, scales, nectaries: structural peculiarities and function; composition, significance and usage of secrets; taxonomic importance.
10.2.2. Hidatodes or water stomata: formation, location, operation.
11. Mechanical tissue - collenchyma, sclerenchyma fibers (pericyclic, bast, wood), sklereids: their function, structural features, types, location in plant organs, diagnostic value.
12. Vascular tissues: functions and classification.
12.1. Conductive tissues that provide upward flow of water and minerals - vessels and tracheides (tracheal elements): formation and structural features, primitive and advanced traits; operation principles, the variety of types and diagnostic significance.
11.2. Conducting tissue, providing a downward flow of organic substances - sieve cells and sieve tubes with companion cells: formation, structural features, principles of operation.
13. Complex tissue - phloem (bast) and xylem (wood): formation, histological structure, location in the plant bodies, importance.
14. Vascular bundles: origin, composition, types; location in plant organs, systematic correspondance, diagnostic importance.
Practical lesson No 11
Theme. Morphology of the root. Root metamorphosis. Morphology of shoot, stem. Shoot metamorphosis.
Objective: Determine the importance of root for plant body, identify the morphological features of the root system components, their development in ontogenesis. Determine the importance of shoots for plant body, identify morphological features of its components, their development in ontogenesis. Learn the structure of shoot and their parts, find out stem metamorphosis.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Patterns of plant body structure. Classification of plant organs.
2. Definition and function of roots.
3. Types of roots.
4. Types of root systems.
5. Root metamorphosis, roots usage in economy and medicine.
6. Definition and function of shoots.
7. Stem as a shoot part, its function.
8. Branching types, diversity of stem form and shoot position in space.
9. Specialization and metamorphosis of shoots.
10. Diagnostic importance and practical usage of the shoots.
Practical lesson No 12
Theme: Morphology of leaves and their metamorphosis