Name: Date:

Periodic Table Lab

Purpose: Students will 1) demonstrate an understanding of periodicity; and 2) graph the atomic radius, ionization energy, electronegativity, and density of various atoms to determine any trends in these values.

Pre Lab Question: 1. Use your notes or a textbook to define the following: atomic radius, ionization energy, and electronegativity.

Procedures:

Period Trends

1. Using the lab quest determine the atomic radii, ionization energy, electronegativity, density, appearance, electron configuration, and oxidation state of the following elements: Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, and Ne. To do this turn on the lab quest, select the home icon (at the bottom of the screen), select periodic table, and select the element. Scroll down to find the needed information. Record these values in Data Table 1 (make sure you include units in your data table). To get back to the periodic table select the down arrow on the upper left of the screen. Next to your name write the career or job you would like to have when you graduate from college.

Groups Trends

2. Repeat step 1 to complete Data Table 2.

Graphing the Trends

4. On your graph paper, under Data and Calculations, construct eight large (at least ½ a page per graph) graphs using the following guidelines:

Graph 1: Graph a line graph of the Atomic Radii VS Atomic Number of the elements in Period 2. Place atomic number on the x-axis and atomic radius (in picometers) on the y-axis.

Graph 2: Graph a line graph of the Ionization Energy VS Atomic Number of the elements in Period 2. Place the atomic number on the x-axis and ionization energy (in kJ/mol) on the y-axis.

Graph 3: Graph a line graph of the Electronegativity VS Atomic Number of the elements in Period 2. Place the atomic number on the x-axis and electronegativity on the y-axis.

Graph 4: Graph a line graph of the Density VS Atomic Number of the elements in Period 2. Place the atomic number on the x-axis and density (in g/cm3) on the y-axis.

Graphs 5-8: Follow the same guidelines as graphs 1-4, but use the elements in Group 2 (listed in Data Table 2).

How to use lab quest to show graphs of periodic trends:

1. From the File menu, choose Plot Periodic Table Graph.

2. You will now be viewing a plot of Atomic Radius (pm) vs. Atomic Number, as shown here. Notice, too, that when you tap on any point along the curve, such as shown here for Cesium (Cs), that its atomic radius value and symbol/atomic number are shown in the info boxes to the right of the graph. This way you can easily navigate through the periodic table, and observe that elements with similar properties recur at regular intervals.

3. If you want to see additional detail, you can simply drag your stylus from left to right or right to left across the area of interest, and then choose Zoom from the Graph menu.

4. To change to another plot, all you need to do is tap on the y-axis label, and choose one of the other quantities, such as Melting Point, Boiling Point, Density, Electronegativity, or First Ionization Energy.

Conclusion Questions:

1. Based on your Data Tables and the graphs complete the following with either “increases” or “decreases.”

Overall, what is the trend for following values within a period:

The atomic radius ______as you move across the periodic table from left to right.

The ionization energy ______as you move across the periodic table from left to right.

The electronegativity ______as you move across the periodic table from left to right.

The density of SOLIDS ______as you move across the periodic table from left to right.

2. Based on your Data Tables and the graphs complete the following with either “increases” or “decreases.”

Overall, what is the trend for following values within a group:

The atomic radius ______as you move down a group from top to bottom.

The ionization energy ______as you move down a group from top to bottom.

The electronegativity ______as you move down a group from top to bottom.

The density of SOLIDS ______as you move down a group from top to bottom.

3. Based on its position in the periodic table, which atom is larger: magnesium or sulfur?

4. Based on its position in the periodic table, which has higher ionization energy: nitrogen or phosphorus?

5. Based on its position in the periodic table, which has a greater electronegativity: sodium or cesium?

6. Based on its position in the periodic table, which has the lower density: potassium or nickel?

7. Using your graph for Density vs Atomic Number, try to predict what the density would be for an element with atomic number 40.

8. Calculate the percent error for problem 7 if the accepted density for atomic number 40 is 6.51 g/cm3. % Error = Accepted – Experimental X 100

Accepted

Data:

Data Table 1: / Period / Trends
Name of Element / Period Number / Atomic Number / Atomic Radius / Ionization Energy / Electroneg-ativity / Density / Appearance / Electron Configuration / Oxidation States
Lithium
Beryllium
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Neon
Data Table 2: / Group / Trends
Name of Element / Group Number / Atomic Number / Atomic Radius / Ionization Energy / Electroneg-ativity / Density / Appearance / Electron Configuration / Oxidation States
Beryllium
Magnesium
Calcium
Strontium
Barium
Radium