AP PSYCHOLOGY

Midterm Exam

Study Guide

1. / Which technique involves repeating the essence of an earlier research study with different participants and in different circumstances?
2. / Two basic characteristics of the scientific attitude are:
3. / When a statistical average is reported in the news, it is most important for readers to:
4. / In the control condition of an experiment, what is missing?
5. / Which research method is most helpful for revealing cause-effect relationships?
6. / An undersupply of serotonin is most closely linked to which disease?
7. / The peripheral nervous system is to sensory neurons as the central nervous system is to what type of neurons?
8. / The motor cortex is located in the ______lobes.
9. / The person most likely to suggest that the shape of a person's skull indicates the extent to which that individual is argumentative and aggressive would be a ______.
10. / After Kato's serious motorcycle accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebellum. Kato is most likely to have difficulty doing what type of activities?
11. / Dante is healthier than his twin brother because he developed with a better placental barrier against viruses. This best illustrates the impact of ______on development.
12. / In order to estimate trait heritability, researchers are most likely to make use of what type of studies?
13. / During the course of a conversation between Lola, Martha, and Gus, who is most likely to interrupt?
14. / The preservation of innovation best illustrates the survival value of what?
15. / Compared with men, women are ______likely to agree to go to bed with a stranger and ______likely to perceive simple friendliness as a sexual come-on.
16. / Visual information is processed by ____ cells before it is processed by ___ and ____.
17. / Loudness is to amplitude as pitch is to ______.
18. / What types of senses are best described as chemical senses?
19. / During the months when there is a large amount of pollen in the air, your hay fever severely affects your sense of smell. At the same time your food all seems to taste the same. This illustrates the importance of ______.
20. / Small distortions in the eye's shape are most likely to affect visual ______.
21. / If you stared at a house as you walked down a street, the trees in front of the house would appear to be moving how?
22. / When hearing the words “eel is on the wagon,” you would likely perceive the first word as “wheel.” Given “eel is on the orange,” you would likely perceive the first word as “peel.” This context effect best illustrates the organizational principle of ______.
23. / The tendency to perceive a moving light in the night sky as belonging to an airplane rather than a satellite best illustrates the impact of ______.
24. / Although a few keys on the piano were broken, Shana couldn't prevent herself from mentally filling in the missing notes of the familiar melodies. This best illustrates the principle of ______.
25. / The ability to see objects in three dimensions is most essential for making judgments of ______.
26. / Sensations of falling or floating weightlessly (hypnagogic sensations) are most closely associated with ______sleep.
27. / The belief that death involves the liberation of the soul from a bodily prison illustrates ______.
28. / Hypnotized people who have been age regressed are no more genuinely childlike than unhypnotized people who pretend to act in a childlike behavior. This fact most clearly supports which theory?
29. / Soon after taking a psychoactive drug, Zachary experienced a diminished appetite, an increased pulse rate, dilated pupils, and feelings of self-confidence and euphoria. Zachary most likely experienced the effects of which drug?
30. / After sleeping for about an hour and a half, José enters a phase of paradoxical sleep. He is likely to have what impact on his mucles?
31. / What is least likely to be considered an important component of effective student instruction involving the use of interactive software? Hint: Think behavior.
32. / In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a(n): ______response.
33. / A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouth-watering meal. Later, when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a ______.
34. / Positive reinforcers ______the rate of operant responding and negative reinforcers ______the rate of operant responding.
35. / Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a ______schedule of reinforcement.
36. / Sea slugs, mice, and fruit flies have displayed enhanced memories following enhanced production of which protein?
37. / When Sperling visually displayed three rows of three letters each for only 1/20th of a second, experimental participants had a momentary ______memory of all 9 letters.
38. / The process of encoding refers to what?
39. / When 80-year-old Ida looked at her old wedding pictures, she was flooded with vivid memories of her parents, her husband, and the early years of her marriage. The pictures served as powerful ______cues.
40. / After being asked to remember three consonants, participants in a study by Peterson and Peterson counted aloud backward by threes in order to prevent ______.
41. / In order to combine words into grammatically sensible sentences, we need to apply proper rules of what?
42. / The inability to take a new perspective on a problem is called a ______.
43. / The various vowel sounds that can be placed between a “t” and an “n” produce words such as tan, ten, tin, and ton. These various vowel sounds represent different ______.
44. / Infants are first able to discriminate speech sounds during the ______stage.
45. / A televised image of a starving child had a greater impact on Mr. White's perception of the extensiveness of world hunger than did a statistical chart summarizing the tremendous scope of the problem. This suggests that his assessment of the world hunger problem is influenced by which heuristic?
46. / In its early years, psychology focused on the study of ______, but from the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of ______.
47. / Dr. Roberts engages in basic research involving the construction and validation of tests designed to assess individual differences in traits such as anxiety and self-esteem. Which specialty area does her research best represent?
48. / William James was a prominent American ______. (Hint – Think early school of psychology.)
49. / The unreliability of introspection contributed to the waning popularity of which school of psychology?
50. / Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their genes or by their home environments are most directly relevant to which debate?
51. / Research participants consumed either caffeinated or decaffeinated beverages in a study of the effects of caffeine on anxiety levels. Those who received the decaffeinated drinks were exposed to the ______condition.
52. / According to Professor Fayad, we like people who like us because their affection for us boosts our own self-esteem. His idea is an example of a theory. (FREE ANSWER. )
53. / The most commonly reported measure of central tendency is what?
54. / Which research technique most clearly minimizes the likelihood that any outcome differences between the experimental and control conditions can be attributed to age or personality differences in research participants?
55. / The most accurate way of assessing the impact of hormone replacement therapy on women's health is by means of which type of research?
56. / L-dopa has been given to patients to control the _____ accompanying ______disease.
57. / If Professor Kosiba lesions the amygdala of a laboratory rat, it is most likely that the rat will become ______aggressive.
58. / Prozac is an antidepressant drug that increases the level of which neurotransmitter?
59. / Which part of a neuron is often encased by the myelin sheath?
60. / Alana suffered a brain disease that destroyed major portions of her temporal lobes. Alana is most likely to suffer some loss of what?
61. / It would be incorrect to anticipate that a pair of ______twins would share the same ______during prenatal development.
62. / Our selective exposure to those life experiences that are best suited to our unique temperaments best illustrates the interaction of what?
63. / A baby girl receives a(n) _____ chromosome from her ______and ______.
64. / Mutations are result from random errors in what?
65. / The prenatal development of the external male sex organs is stimulated by what hormone?
66. / Some participants in a subliminal persuasion experiment thought that they were receiving subliminal affirmations of their self-esteem when in reality they were receiving subliminal memory-enhancement instructions. These individuals subsequently demonstrated what?
67. / People who lack color receptors for the wavelengths of red are most likely to experience what?
68. / The process by which rods and cones convert electromagnetic energy into neural signals is an example of what?
69. / En route to the temporal lobe's auditory cortex, neural impulses from the auditory nerve are first relayed to the ______.
70. / The impact of vision on the sense of touch is best illustrated by what illusion?
71. / The organization of two-dimensional retinal images into three-dimensional perceptions is called ______.
72. / As she gazed down from a bridge at the rapidly flowing river, Nancy felt as though she were moving. Her experience best illustrates which phenomenon?
73. / Designing aircraft instrument displays in such a way as to minimize pilots' misperception of flight data would be of most direct interest to which type of psychologists?
74. / After chicks were fitted with special lenses that visually displaced objects to the left, they never adapted to the visual distortion. (HINT – FREE ANSWER. )
75. / If Jill carefully watches Eduard as he runs directly toward her, she will experience a(n) ______in retinal disparity and a(n) ______in convergence.
76. / Freud called the remembered story line of a dream its ______content.
77. / Mark's abuse of alcohol and other addictive drugs is influenced by genetic factors, by the ready availability of drugs in Mark's neighborhood, and by Mark's failure to accurately assess the risks associated with drug usage. An understanding of Mark's difficulties within the framework of multiple levels of analysis is most clearly provided by which approach?
78. / The major effect of ______is to release stored serotonin and block its reabsorption.
79. / The circadian rhythm is influenced by light-sensitive retinal proteins that trigger signals to the ______.
80. / Dissociation refers to what?
81. / When a CS is not paired with a US, the subsequent fading of a CR is called what?
82. / A dramatic increase in children's violent play immediately after they viewed a video of the “Power Rangers” illustrates the role of television as a source of ______learning.
83. / For the most rapid acquisition of a CR, the CS should be presented shortly before the US. (HINT – FREE ANSWER. )
84. / A variable-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n) ______.
85. / Teachers who effectively shape their students' study habits are most likely to reinforce even _____ improvements in students’ study skills.
86. / Iconic memory refers to what?
87. / Alan Baddeley's model of ______memory contains auditory and visual-spatial processors, which are managed by a central executive.
88. / Damage to the hippocampus would most likely interfere with a person's ability to learn the names of the 50 states in the United States. (HINT – FREE ANSWER. 
89. / When Hailey told her roommate about the chemistry exam she had just completed, she knowingly exaggerated its difficulty. Subsequently, her memory of the exam was that it was as difficult as she had reported it to be. This best illustrates which effect?
90. / The letters Y, M, O, M, R, E are presented. Jill remembers them by rearranging them to spell the word “MEMORY.” This provides an illustration of ______.
91. / Encouraging people to elaborate on why their own personal views on an issue are correct is most likely to promote belief ______.
92. / Four-year-old Sarah told her mom, “The doggy runned away.” Which theory would most likely emphasize the significance of Sarah's misapplication of a grammatical rule?
93. / It is very difficult to get someone to change his or her unrealistically negative self-image. This best illustrates the importance of what?
94. / The spontaneous utterance of a variety of sounds by infants is called what?
95. / Which linguistic theorist was most impressed by the underlying similarities of all human language systems?
96. / Socrates and Plato believed that the mind is ______from the body.
97. / Poor nutrition, family stress, and memory difficulties have all contributed to Mr. Leonard's depression. Effectively explaining the full complexity of his problems requires what type of approach?
98. / Professor Brown believes that mental differences between men and women are a product of their differing life experiences rather than their differing genes. This belief is most consistent with the views advanced by which Enlightenment philosopher?
99. / Professor Reed attempts to assess the relative contributions of heredity and home environment on children's susceptibility to depression. Her research best illustrates the concerns of the ______perspective.
100. / Dr. Ochoa develops tests to accurately identify the most qualified job applicants in a large manufacturing firm. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Ochoa's work best represent?

Midterm Exam – Study Guide - Page 1