Midlands State University Department of History and Development Studies

MIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

HIH 211: SOUTHERN AFRICA SINCE THE MINERALS REVOLUTION

COURSE OUTLINE

Definition

The module covers the period since the Minerals Revolution in Southern Africa. The module examines the experiences of African and white societies in the region since the discovery of diamonds and gold in South Africa. Emphasis will be on the impact that the minerals revolution and colonial rule had on the non-white groups in the region. The contribution of the colonial policies to the loss of political and economic sovereignty of these people will be examined in detail. The module also traces the evolution of the indigenous groups' response to colonial rule from the moderate early protest movements to the radical and more violent ones in the closing phases of colonial rule. The module also has a section which tackles socio-economic and political developments in the region in the post-colonial era. This affords students the opportunity to appreciate the idea of change and continuity in human affairs and to grasp the idea that they are passivelly or activelly involved in this unfolding drama and history making process in the region.

The Minerals Revolution

The discovery of diamonds and gold in South Africa and its impact on the South African society: loss of economic and political sovereignty for non-whites, impoverishment and proletarianisation of blacks.

Regional response to the discovery of minerals – acceleration of process of labour migration.

Failure of revolution in Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe and impact on indigenous population.

Increase in Boer-British rivalry and the “Anglo-Boer” / South African War 1899-1902.

The Rand Revolt: White proletariat against white bourgeoisie.

The Colonization of Southern Africa.

British territories in Southern Africa :Botswana Malawi, Lesotho, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa.

German Territories to 1919: German West Africa (Namibia)

Portuguese territories: Angola and Mozambique.

Colonial Rule

Chartered Company rule in British and Portuguese territories.

Colonial labour policies and their impact on African societies.

Namibia: from German rule to South African rule.

From the Union Government to the rise of the Apartheid regime in South Africa.

Race relations in colonial Southern Africa: Apartheid in South Africa, Assimilation in Portuguese territories, Zimbabwe under the Settler regime.

African Response

Emphasis will be on the changing patterns of the struggle from the early protest movements to the more radical liberation movements in the 1960s and later.

The era of reformism in South Africa 1900-1930s; radicalisation of the struggle from the 1940s.

Resistance in the inter-war period in the rest of Southern africa.

The rise of mass nationalism in British territories.

Factors hindering the rise of mass nationalism in Portuguese territories.

Liberation movements and their roles in the struggle for independence.

Nature of struggles, challenges and the role of women.

The international sanctions on South Africa and Rhodesia.

Post-Colonial Southern Africa.

Independent states and the Apartheid regime in South Africa.

Anomalous Relations: South Africa and the 'hostage nations' of Lesotho, Swaziland and Botswana.

Causes of civil wars in the region: Angola, Mozambique and disturbances in Zimbabwe in the 1980s.

The Socialist experiment and its failure.

Botswana: a beacon of peace and stability.

SADC's role in promoting peace and development in the region.

READING LIST

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1971

Birmingham, D

& T.O. Ranger, “Settlers andLiberators in the South, 1953-1980”, in History of Central Africa Vol.2”, D.Birmingham and P. Martin,(eds), Longman, London and New York, 1992.

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Chilcote, R.H, “Mozambique: The African Nationalist Response to Portuguese Imperialism and Underdevelopment” in Potholm and R. Dale (eds)

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Waldmeir, P,Anatomy of a Miracle: The End of Apartheid and the Birth of a New South Africa, New York, W.W. Norton, 1997.

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Webster, E,(ed) Essays In Southern African Labour History, Johannesburg, Ravan, 1978.

Wheeler, D.L,“Portugal in Angola: A Living Colonialism.” C.P. Potholm and R. Dale (eds) History: Southern Africa.

Wilson, F,Labour in the South African Gold Mines, 1911-1969, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1972.