Middle Ages & Crusades Test

Name:

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Define the Following Words: (2 marks each)

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Iconoclasm-

Papal States-

Cyrillic-

Simony-

Holy Roman Empire-

Crusader States-

Short Answers: (5 marks each)

Second Council of Lyons (1274 A.D.)

(Constitution #1)

Because the liberation of the Holy Land should concern all who profess the Catholic faith, we convoked a council, so that after consultation with prelates, kings, princes and other prudent men, we might decide and ordain in Christ the means for liberating the Holy Land. We also proposed to lead back the Greek peoples to the unity of the church; proudly striving to divide in some way the Lord's seamless tunic, they withdrew from devotion and obedience to the apostolic see. We purposed also a reform of morals, which have become corrupt owing to the sins of both clergy and people.

The above source mentions three reasons why a Church council was called in the year 1274. Explain what were these three issues:

Thomas of Celano – Source #2

“Francis proceeded to Syria, for great and deadly battles between Christians and (Muslims) were going on there every day. Francis, who was traveling with a companion, was not afraid to present himself before the sultan of the Saracens... Before he was brought before the sultan he was captured by soldiers, insulted, and beaten with a lash; yet he was not afraid, was not terrified by the threats of torture, and did not grow pale when threatened with death… he was very honorably received by the sultan. Trying to bend Francis' spirit toward the wealth of this world, he honored him as much as he could and gave him many presents; yet when he saw that Francis despised such things as if they were dung, he was filled with the greatest admiration and regarded Francis as different from all others. He was moved by Francis' words and listened to him willingly. In all these things the Lord did not fulfill Francis' desire for martyrdom…”

These events took place in 1219 AD. Who were Francis and the Sultan? What do you think the topic of their discussion was?

Answer the following 2 Questions in Essay Form

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(1) Explain how the actions of either Charlemagne or Saints Cyril Methodius encouraged the Great Schism and (2) how the Fourth Crusade ensured that the Schism would not come to an end.