Microbiology Test #4 Review Questions

Definitions:

  1. Be able to define/give the significance of the following terms:
  2. zoonosis
  3. negative sense single-stranded RNA, positive sense single-stranded RNA, negative sense single-stranded DNA, positive sense single-stranded DNA
  4. passive immunization
  5. pathogen vector
  6. pathogen reservoir
  7. gingival crevice
  8. invasiveness
  9. virulence
  10. exotoxin
  11. endotoxin
  12. AB toxin
  13. superantigen
  14. capsule
  15. pili
  16. fimbrae
  17. injectosome
  18. inv genes
  19. cytolytic toxins
  20. aerosol
  21. mycolic acid
  22. Spe A, B, C and F
  23. streptolysin
  24. streptokinase
  25. TSST-1
  26. M proteins
  27. tubercles
  28. MDR and XDR TB
  29. Antigenic drift
  30. Antigenic shift
  31. hemolysin
  32. coagulase
  33. leukocydin
  34. enterotoxin A
  35. acyclovir
  36. E2, E6 and E7
  37. sporozoite
  38. merozoite
  39. antitoxin
  40. food poisoning
  41. food infection
  42. STEC
  43. ETEC
  44. Pasteurization
  45. Depth filter
  46. Membrane filter
  47. Sterilant, disinfectant, sanitizer, antiseptic, germicide
  48. Selective toxicity
  49. R plasmid
  50. Smart drugs
  51. Bacteriostatic
  52. Bacteriolytic
  53. bacteriocidal
  54. bacteriophages

Microbial control:

  1. Be able to discuss how heat kills microbes, and how autoclaving is able to kill endospores when boiling cannot.
  2. How do ultraviolet and ionizing radiation kill microbes?
  3. Be able to discuss major how you would use tube dilution and disc diffusion to measure antimicrobial activity of a substance.
  4. Antibiotics
  5. Be able to differentiate between broad spectrum and narrow spectrum antibiotics and to give an example of each type.
  6. Be able to discuss the mechanism of action of penicillins, quinolones, rifampin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, mupirocin, isoniazid, daptomycin, platensimycin and sulfa drugs. For each one, tell a specific way that a microbe could develop resistance.
  7. Be able to discuss how you can help to prevent antibiotic resistance (at least 5 different ways).

The Human Microbiome:

  1. Be able to describe how humans acquire their normal microflora.
  2. Discuss three things that help determine which microbes are present in any given location on/in our bodies.
  3. In what ways is the skin a hostile environment to microbes? In what ways is it an excellent environment for microbes? Which 3 genera make up almost all of our skin microbes? Which 4 orders are the most common?
  4. Describe the typical types of microbes found in the human mouth before and after teeth erupt.
  5. How do biofilms contribute to tooth decay?
  6. Describe how biofilms form on teeth (the events/microbial colonizations, etc.). Which species typically are present in tooth biofilms?
  7. Be able to describe how the microbial environment changes as you move through the digestive tract…from the stomach to the small intestine to the large intestine. Be sure to consider factors such as pH, oxygen levels and nutrients available.
  8. How do our gut microbes effect our health in a good way? Give 3 examples.
  9. Describe 3 things that humans do that can impact the composition of the microbes in our guts.
  10. Describe how the lung’s natural defenses help prevent colonization by microbes.
  11. Describe three characteristics of the urogenital tract that make it a hostile environment for pathogens. At least one characteristic must involve the normal flora.
  12. Describe the ‘typical’ course of an infection, that is, what steps must essentially all pathogens take in order to cause disease?
  13. Be able to describe how both infectivity and virulence can contribute to a disease’s impact on society.
  14. Be able to describe 4 different types of ways that microbes adhere to human hosts, and to give an example of one microbe that attaches in each way.
  15. What are two ways that microbial capsules help microbes infect us?
  16. Clots can be good or bad for microbial disease outcomes. Give a specific example of each situation.
  17. Be able to describe the structure of endotoxins and AB exotoxins, and how that structure relates to the toxin function.

Person to Person Microbial Diseases

  1. How many microbes can be spread by a single sneeze? How can you prevent that?
  2. Be able to describe the morphology and pathogenicity of the pathogens that we studied this semester. That is, what does they look like, how do they infect humans, and how do they cause symptoms (toxins, inflammation, direct cellular damage, etc.). For each, be able to tell any treatments that we discussed, and any ways to prevent the disease in the first place. Here is a list:
  3. Streptococcus pyogenes
  4. Streptococcus pneumonia
  5. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  6. Neisseria meningitides
  7. Influenza virus
  8. Staphylococcus aureus (Direct contact and foodborne)
  9. Herpes virus
  10. Human papilloma virus
  11. Hantavirus
  12. Rabies virus
  13. Borrelia burgdorferi
  14. Plasmodium vivax
  15. West Nile Virus
  16. Clostridium tetani
  17. Clostridium perfringens
  18. Clostridium botulinum
  19. STEC E. coli
  20. ETEC E. coli