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METRO CENTRAL EDUCATION DISTRICT
COMMON PAPERS
HISTORY PAPER 2
GRADE 12
SEPTEMBER 2015
ADDENDUM
QUESTION 1: CIVIL RESISTANCE IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1970s to 1980s
WHAT WERE THE NATURE AND IDEALS OF THE BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS MOVEMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA DURING THE 1970s?
SOURCE 1A
An extract: SASO and Biko express the nature of Black Consciousness
SASO declared itself to be a black organization working for the liberation of blacks in South Africa at two levels – from the psychological oppression as well as from political oppression and exploitation.Black Consciousness is an attitude of the mind, a way of life ….
The black man must build up his own value systems; see himself as self-defined and not defined by others.
Black Consciousness implies awareness by black people of the power they wield as a group … and hence group cohesion and solidarity are important.
Biko writes in the same newsletter “ We blacks “ he wrote:
“ All in all the black man has become a shell, a shadow of a man, completely defeated … a slave, an ox bearing the yoke of oppression
with sheepish timidity…….
The first thing therefore is to make the black man come to himself; to pump back life into his empty shell; to infuse him with pride and dignity … This is what we mean by an inward –looking process.”
SASO Newsletter September, 1970
SOURCE 1B
The following Source reflects the influence of Black Consciousness on the Soweto Uprising
Steve Biko’s response to a report for evidence of support for Black Consciousness.The Soweto Uprising in 1976 proved to be an inspirational event for Biko. He saw black assertiveness, pride and confidence come alive in the youth of Soweto.
“In one word- Soweto. The boldness, dedication, sense of purpose, and clarity of analysis of the situation – all of these were a direct result of BC ideas among the young….For the power of the movement can indeed change the habits of people. The change is not the result of force but of dedication and moral persuasion.”
From A Marx. (1992) Lessons of Struggle: South African Internal Opposition, 1960-1990.
SOURCE 1C
This extract is taken from a speech by former President Nelson Mandela, delivered during the Steve Biko Memorial Lecture held at the University of Cape Town in 2004
That intervention came at a time when the political pulse of our people had been rendered faint by banning, imprisonment, exile, murder and banishment.
Repression had swept the country clear of all visible organizations of the people.
But it was also a time when the tide of Africa's valiant (brave) and her liberation, lapping at our own borders was consolidating black pride across the world and firing the determination of all those who were oppressed to take their destiny into their own hands.
[From: httpi Accessed 28 March 2014]
SOURCE 1D
The cartoon below by Zapiro pays tribute to Steve Biko, 1977.
Steve Biko – 25 years on – Apartheid killed him but not his ideas.Published in Sowetan on 12 Sep 2002
QUESTION 2:THE COMING OF DEMOCRACY TO SOUTH AFRICA AND COMING TO TERMS WITH THE PAST: THE TRC
HOW DID THE TRC CONTRIBUTE TOWARDS NATION BUILDING IN S.A?
SOURCE 2A
The Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act of 1995
SOURCE 2B
Statement by President Nelson Mandela on receiving the first five volumes of the
Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 29 October 1998.
SOURCE 2D: A report from SABC News about reactions to the death of Dirk
Coetzee, the apartheid assassin responsible for numerous killings.
Dullar Omar and the haunted house published in the “Sowetan” on 23 May 1995
SOURCE 2D
A report from SABC News about reactions to the death of Dirk Coetzee, the apartheid assassin responsible for numerous killings.
The date of the report is 8 March 2013
Grieving relatives of the victims of apartheid assassin Dirk Coetzee who died last night believe that he should never have been granted amnesty from prosecution by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC).
Coetzee was the commander of the Vlakplaas base in the 1980s where the killing of anti-apartheid activists were planned and carried out. Coetzee died as a result of kidney failure.
Charity Kondile, the mother of a child she never got to bury says her hopes of finding the truth about how her son Sizwe died, were dashed by the TRC.
A feared squad of death - consisting of Eugene de Kock and Joe Mamasela among others - assassinated Sizwe and a string of anti-apartheid activists. Coetzee's admission earned him the TRC amnesty in 1997. Yet, he never revealed the site where they buried Kondile's body.
With Coetzee now dead, Kondile's family feel he has taken important secrets to his grave.
The Kondile family's spokesperson, Vusi Pikoli says, "I fail to understand why the TRC granted him amnesty when he did not disclose where Sizwe was killed because one of the requirements was that there had to be full disclosure. Now Sizwe’s family remains at a loss. He has died without revealing everything."
(From SABC News SABC.CO.ZA)
QUESTION 3: GLOBALISATION: A NEW WORLD ORDER
HOW WILL THE BRICS COUNTRIES CONTRIBUTE TOWARDS THE ECONOMY OF THE EMERGING COUNTRIES?
SOURCE 3A
South African Government Viewpoint on BRICS ((Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa)
Note: GDP: Total amount of goods and services produced within a country for a year
South Africa hosted the fifth BRICS Summit from 26 to 27 March 2013 at the Durban International Convention Centre (ICC). This completed the first cycle of BRICS summits. The country participated for the first time in the third BRICS Leaders’ Summit from 14 to 15 April 2011 in Beijing, China.
The changing global environment has seen a greater political and economic role for the BRICS and other emerging powers. By 2020, the BRICS countries are expected to contribute nearly half of all global gross domestic product (GDP) growth.
BRICS is a powerful bloc of emerging economies which recorded a combined GDP of R18 trillion late in December 2010. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 2010, BRICS will account for 61% of global growth in three years’ time.
South Africa and other BRICS member states will continue existing collaboration in various international organisations and formations such as the UN, the Group of 20 (G20) and the IBSA (India, Brazil, and South Africa) Dialogue Forum. South Africa also views the Non-Aligned Movement and the Group of 77 as important for South-South interaction, especially within the framework of the UN.
South Africa can benefit from the concrete projects of BRICS in areas such as agriculture, science, statistics, development, finance institutions, security and justice. BRICS agriculture ministers have agreed to cooperate in agricultural technology development and exchange.
South Africa remains committed to the consolidation of the African Agenda and will use its BRICS membership to increase strategic cooperation among emerging market economies of the South in support of this agenda.
Taken from the official S.A Government website, August 2015
SOURCE 3B
Why is South Africa included in the BRICS?
BRAZIL, Russia, India, China and South Africa recently concluded the fifth annual meeting of the countries known collectively as the BRICs. Or should that be the BRICS? The confusion arises from the fact that South Africa has sneaked into the group, which claims to represent the world’s emerging markets and act as a counterweight to the G8 and G20, which are dominated by rich-world economies.
The BRIC countries were the constituent members of an acronym coined by Jim O’Neill, then of Goldman Sachs, in 2001. Mr O’Neill was looking for a way to convey the fact that much of the world’s economic growth would soon come from Brazil, Russia, India and China. There was much debate about whether this grouping made sense: at the time Brazil’s growth seemed too sluggish to warrant inclusion; now Russia looks like it doesn’t deserve to be placed with the others. China has a much higher economic growth rate than the rest.
There was just one problem with the BRICs: no African countries were included. This was a little embarrassing. Overlooking Africa suggested that the continent was an economic irrelevance, good only for providing raw materials to the rest. It also cast doubt on the group’s claim to speak for the emerging world.
And so, in 2010, the club of BRICs became the BRICS.
However, the BRICS group as a whole — Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa — and many other emerging markets are all suffering from weaker growth in 2015
China’s stock markets are crashing, and there are worries over slower growth in its economy. Brazil and Russia are already in downturn, and South Africa’s economy shrank by 1.3% in the most recent quarter.
August 2015
SOURCE 3C
STATISTIC 1
BRICS STATUS AS EMERGING ECONOMIES
August 2015
STATISTIC 2
The graph/chart shows the Gini Coefficient of BRICS countries (the Gini coefficient measures the gap between rich and poor/income inequality – the bigger the value of the Gini Coefficient the wider the gap between poor and rich).
This table was downloaded from the internet site on 18 August 2015
SOURCE 3D
KV Kamath, the bank’s president:
The New Development Bank BRICS (NDB BRICS), BRICS bank is 'coming of age of developing countries'
Kamath outlined differences in approach between the NDB and existing multilateral lending banks like the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank.
It signifies the “coming of age of developing countries” and reflects a change in attitude of multilateral development banks because the NDB will understand the “borrowers’ requirement and have dialogue with them” – as opposed to existing institutions. NDB has the objective of looking at a wider geography. There is no competition. It is cooperation.”
“Thirdly, what we are aiming for is to do things at a pace. Which for a variety of reasons, existing multilateral development banks are now not able to do. They take two, two-and-half years for appraisal and lending. We want to aim at a six month-schedule,” Kamath said.
“The New Development Bank BRICS (NDB BRICS) is an alternative to the existing US-dominated World Bank and International Monetary Fund. The Bank is set up to foster greater financial and development cooperation among the five emerging markets. Together, the four original BRIC countries comprise in 2014 more than 3 billion people or 41.4 percent of the world’s population, cover more than a quarter of the world’s land area over three continents, and account for more than 25 percent of global GDP. It will be headquartered in Shanghai, China. Unlike the World Bank, which assigns votes based on capital share, in the New Development Bank each participant country will be assigned one vote, and none of the countries will have veto power.”
August 2015