Unit 1 Review
Matching
Match each item with the correct statement.
a. / sociological imagination / k. / historyb. / sociological perspective / l. / psychology
c. / symbol / m. / anthropology
d. / latent function / n. / social phenomena
e. / theory / o. / political science
f. / dysfunctional / p. / functionalist perspective
g. / function / q. / manifest function
h. / ideal type / r. / Verstehen
i. / social Darwinism / s. / social psychology
j. / economics / t. / theoretical perspectives
____1.A description comprised of the essential characteristics of a feature of society.
____2.Containing a negative consequence for the stability of the social system.
____3.The comparative study of past and present cultures.
____4.The ability to see the connection between the larger world and your personal life.
____5.The study of the choices people make in an effort to satisfy their needs and wants.
____6.Anything that represents something else.
____7.The unintended and unrecognized consequence of an element of society.
____8.Observable facts or events that involve human society.
____9.The study of how the social environment affects an individual’s behavior and personality.
____10.The view of society as a set of interrelated parts that work together to produce a stable social system.
____11.A general set of assumptions about the nature of things.
____12.An explanation of the relationships among particular phenomena.
____13.The study of past events.
____14.A viewing of the behavior of groups in a systematic way.
____15.Perspective that holds that societies evolve toward stability and perfection.
____16.The social science that deals with the behavior and thinking of organisms.
____17.The intended and recognized consequence of some element of society.
____18.Principle that involves an attempt to understand the meanings individuals attach to their actions.
Match each item with the correct statement.
a. / culture / g. / societyb. / values / h. / norms
c. / folkways / i. / mores
d. / cultural universals / j. / Margaret Mead
e. / cultural relativism / k. / George Murdock
f. / subculture / l. / language
____19.The organization of written or spoken symbols into a standardized system.
____20.Shared beliefs about what is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable.
____21.A group that shares values, norms, and behaviors that are not shared by the entire population.
____22.A group of interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and feeling of unity.
____23.The shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations.
____24.Norms that describe socially acceptable behavior but do not have great moral significance attached to them.
____25.The belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards rather than by applying the standards of another culture.
Match each item with the correct statement.
a. / ideology / k. / formal sanctionb. / social movement / l. / informal sanction
c. / technology / m. / social control
d. / diffusion / n. / self-fulfillment
e. / reformulation / o. / narcissism
f. / cultural lag / p. / ethnocentrism
g. / internalization / q. / vested interests
h. / Robin M. Williams / r. / Christopher Lasch
i. / positive sanction / s. / sanctions
j. / negative sanction / t. / James M. Henslin
____26.A spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or a group.
____27.A long-term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change.
____28.Situation in which some aspects of the culture change less rapidly, or lag behind, other aspects of the same culture.
____29.A system of beliefs or ideas that justifies the social, moral, religious, political, or economic interests held by a group or by society.
____30.The process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual’s personality, thus conditioning that individual to conform to society’s expectations.
____31.A sociologist who identified a set of 15 values that are central to the American way of life.
____32.The knowledge and tools that people use to manipulate their environment.
____33.An action that rewards a particular kind of behavior.
____34.The process of adapting borrowed cultural traits.
____35.A punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity.
____36.Extreme self-centeredness.
____37.A resistance to any change that threatens a person’s security or standard of living.
____38.Sociologist that suggested that values such as education might be considered core values.
Match each item with the correct statement.
a. / social structure / k. / voluntary associationb. / status / l. / triad
c. / role / m. / out-group
d. / exchange / n. / expressive leaders
e. / group / o. / e-community
f. / primary group / p. / organic solidarity
g. / secondary group / q. / exchange theory
h. / formal organization / r. / competition
i. / bureaucracy / s. / master status
j. / iron law of oligarchy / t. / role strain
____39.A three-person group.
____40.A small group of people who interact over a relatively long period of time on a direct and personal basis.
____41.The network of interrelated statuses and roles that guide human interaction.
____42.A group in which interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature.
____43.A large, complex secondary group that has been established to achieve specific goals.
____44.A ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures.
____45.Interaction undertaken in an effort to receive a reward or a return for their actions.
____46.A set of people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree of common identity.
____47.The tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people.
____48.A place where people interact with one another regularly on the Internet.
____49.Theory that holds that people are motivated by self-interests in their interactions with other people.
____50.The impersonal social relationships that arise with increased job specialization, in which individuals can no longer provide for all of their own needs.
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____51.The ability to see the connection between the larger world and your personal life is what sociologist C. Wright Mills called
a. / the sociological perspective. / c. / social interaction.b. / the sociological imagination. / d. / social psychology.
____52.People who focus on the forces in society that promote competition and change employ the
a. / conflict perspective. / c. / interactionist perspective.b. / functionalist perspective. / d. / dysfunctionalist perspective.
____53.The phrase “survival of the fittest,” or the belief that the best aspects of society would survive over time, was coined by
a. / Auguste Comte. / c. / Karl Marx.b. / Max Weber. / d. / Herbert Spencer.
____54.An intended and recognized consequence of some element of society is a
a. / latent function. / c. / manifest function.b. / dysfunction. / d. / theory.
____55.The social science that studies human society and social behavior is
a. / sociology. / c. / anthropology.b. / psychology. / d. / political science.
____56.The social science that deals with the behavior and thinking of organisms is
a. / sociology. / c. / anthropology.b. / psychology. / d. / political science.
____57.The study of the choices people make in an effort to satisfy their needs and wants is
a. / political science. / c. / history.b. / social psychology. / d. / economics.
____58.An interactionist perspective
a. / focuses on how individuals interact with one another in society.b. / focuses on how people use symbols when interacting.
c. / focuses on the forces in society that promote competition and change.
d. / focuses on how society explains relationships.
____59.Who was not considered to be one of the most influential early sociologists?
a. / Karl Marx / c. / Jane Addamsb. / Herbert Spencer / d. / Max Weber
____60.Herbert Spencer was strongly influenced by the views of ____, an evolutionist from the 1800s.
a. / Auguste Comte / c. / Charles Darwinb. / Karl Marx / d. / Max Weber
____61.A function is
a. / the consequence that an element of society produces for the maintenance of its social system.b. / the negative consequence an element has for the stability of the social system.
c. / the intended and recognized consequence of some element of society.
d. / an explanation of the relationships among particular phenomena.
____62.Social sciences are
a. / the observable facts or events that involve human society.b. / how people relate to one another and influence each other’s behavior.
c. / the hidden meanings behind human actions.
d. / the disciplines that study human social behavior or institutions and functions of human society in a scientific manner.
____63.Émile Durkheim
a. / developed the theory of social Darwinism.b. / was one of the first sociologists to systematically apply the methods of science to the study of society.
c. / divided society into two classes—the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
d. / did all of the above.
____64.Who coined the term sociology to describe the study of society?
a. / Auguste Comte / c. / Herbert Spencerb. / Karl Marx / d. / Émile Durkheim
____65.Which of the following does not describe the bourgeoisie?
a. / capitalists / c. / workersb. / own the means of production / d. / a class of society
____66.Symbolic interaction is
a. / the process of focusing on how people use symbols when interacting.b. / part of the interactionist perspective.
c. / both a and b.
d. / neither a nor b.
____67.Social psychology is
a. / the study of past events.b. / the study of anything that represents something else.
c. / an unintended and unrecognized consequence of an element of society.
d. / the study of how the social environment affects an individual’s behavior and personality.
____68.Political science is
a. / the study of the choices people make in an effort to satisfy their needs and wants.b. / the examination of the organization and operation of governments.
c. / the study of past events.
d. / the study of how the social environment affects an individual’s behavior and personality.
____69.Functionalists view certain elements in society as ____, representing the negative consequences that elements have for the stability of the social system.
a. / manifest functions / c. / dysfunctionalb. / latent functions / d. / functional
____70.A theory is
a. / an explanation of the relationships among particular phenomena.b. / an intended and recognized consequence of some element of society.
c. / a description comprised of the essential characteristics of a feature of society.
d. / the meanings that individuals attach to their actions.
____71.By adopting a ____, you can look beyond commonly held beliefs to the hidden meanings behind human actions.
a. / sociological imagination / c. / sociological perspectiveb. / social phenomena / d. / social psychology
____72.People who view society as a set of interrelated parts that work together to produce a stable social system are said to employ the
a. / manifest function. / c. / interactionist perspective.b. / theoretical perspective. / d. / functionalist perspective.
____73.The physical objects that people create and use form a group’s
a. / nonmaterial culture. / c. / language.b. / material culture. / d. / values.
____74.The tendency to view one’s own culture and group as superior is called
a. / a subculture. / c. / cultural relativism.b. / cultural universals. / d. / ethnocentrism.
____75.Sociologists distinguish between these two types of norms:
a. / folkways and mores. / c. / laws and mores.b. / folkways and culture traits. / d. / culture traits and mores.
____76.A group of interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and feeling of unity is a
a. / society. / c. / material culture.b. / more. / d. / cultural universal.
____77.All of the following are examples of a subculture except
a. / San Francisco’s Chinatown. / c. / the Navajo of the Southwest.b. / Miami’s Little Havana. / d. / none of the above
____78.Norms that exist in our society include
a. / financial responsibility. / c. / not paying bills.b. / restrictions against campfires. / d. / not killing a human being.
____79.Folkways include all of the following except
a. / murder.b. / not putting food in your mouth with a knife.
c. / shaking hands when you are introduced to someone.
d. / getting to class on time.
____80.The game of basketball is considered
a. / a culture pattern. / c. / both a and bb. / a culture complex. / d. / neither a nor b
____81.____ help(s) sociologists and anthropologists understand practices that seem strange or different from those of their own culture.
a. / Ethnocentrism / c. / Cultural universalsb. / Cultural relativism / d. / Values
____82.A negative sanction is
a. / a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity.b. / a reward or punishment given by a formal organization or regulatory agency.
c. / the main source of social change.
d. / a value.
____83.Someone is said to have a vested interest if
a. / what happens will not have any impact on their lives.b. / their family or loved ones will not be affected by an event or situation.
c. / they understand an event or situation completely.
d. / they resist any change that threatens their security or standard of living.
____84.A system of beliefs or ideas that justifies the social, moral, religious, political, or economic interests held by a group or by society is
a. / a social movement. / c. / an ideology.b. / a cultural lag. / d. / a vested interest.
____85.Social control is
a. / the enforcing of norms through either internal or external means.b. / an informal sanction.
c. / a negative sanction.
d. / internalization.
____86.Internalization is
a. / an action that rewards a particular kind of behavior.b. / the process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual’s personality, thus conditioning that individual to conform to society’s expectations.
c. / extreme self-centeredness.
d. / a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity.
____87.____ is the knowledge and tools that people use to manipulate their environment.
a. / Ethnocentrism / c. / Diffusionb. / Technology / d. / Reformulation
____88.____ one of the reasons that people resist cultural change.
a. / Ethnocentrism is / c. / Vested interests areb. / Cultural lag is / d. / a, b, and c
____89.Some people are motivated by ____, rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms.
a. / internalization / c. / narcissismb. / sanctions / d. / self-fulfillment
____90.Urbanization is
a. / the construction of tall buildings.b. / a reduction in the population.
c. / the concentration of the population in rural areas.
d. / the concentration of the population in cities.
____91.A state of balance between cooperation and conflict is
a. / exchange. / c. / accommodation.b. / social network. / d. / a bureaucracy.
____92.Reciprocity is
a. / when two or more people or groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attain.b. / the idea that if you do something for someone then that person owes you something in return.
c. / the deliberate attempt to control a person by force.
d. / the state of balance between conflict and cooperation.
____93.Statuses and their related roles determine the structure of the various groups in society. When these statuses and roles are organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society, the group is called a(n)
a. / pastoral society. / c. / preindustrial society.b. / social institution. / d. / agricultural society.
____94.When people interact in an effort to receive a reward or a return for their actions, a(n) ____ has taken place.
a. / exchange / c. / barterb. / division of labor / d. / both b and c
____95.Which of the following are examples of achieved statuses?
a. / basketball player / c. / musicianb. / actor / d. / all of the above
____96.One status tends to take rank above all others. This status that plays the greatest role in shaping a person’s life and determining his or her social identity is called a(n)
a. / achieved status. / c. / master status.b. / ascribed status. / d. / neither a nor c
____97.The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called
a. / role performances. / c. / role strains.b. / reciprocal roles. / d. / role expectations.
____98.When people gather in the same place at the same time but lack organization or lasting patterns of interaction, they form a(n)
a. / primary group. / c. / both a and bb. / aggregate. / d. / neither a nor b
____99.A ____ is simply a means of classifying people according to a shared trait or a common status.
a. / barter / c. / division of laborb. / social category / d. / pastoral society
____100.A ____ is the way society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members.
a. / dyad / c. / secondary groupb. / social category / d. / subsistence strategy
Short Answer
101.What was the phrase that was coined by Herbert Spencer to describe only the fittest societies surviving over time, thus upgrading the world as a whole?
102.Karl Marx believed that society is divided into what two classes?
103.Does the bourgeoisie or the proletariat represent workers?
104.What is an interactionist perspective?
105.What social science, which deals with the behavior and thinking of organisms, differs from sociology primarily in that it focuses on individual behavior rather than on group behavior?
106.What is the difference between a manifest function and a latent function?
107.What is the difference between anthropology and sociology?
108.What is the difference between material culture and nonmaterial culture?
109.What are culture traits?
110.What is ethnocentrism?
111.Explain cultural relativism.
112.What is the difference between a subculture and a counterculture?
113.How is society different from culture?
114.Why did George Murdock examine hundreds of different cultures in the 1940s?
115.What are the three levels of culture?
116.What are laws?
117.How is the use of symbols related to culture?
118.What causes variation within societies?
119.How do cultural traits, cultural complexes, and cultural patterns differ?
120.What is technology and why is it one of the basic components of all cultures?
121.What are values?
122.Where did Margaret Mead live in the 1930s to conduct her study of cultural variation?
123.What is cultural discontinuity?
124.List three examples of material culture.
125.What are new values in the United States that might be grouped under the term self fulfillment, a commitment to the full development of one’s personality, talents, and potential?
126.Freedom is an important value for most Americans. What freedoms do most Americans seem to value the most?
127.Explain narcissism.
128.What are the different types of sanctions?
129.What is reformulation?
130.What are two ways that new technologies arise?
131.Explain vested interests.
132.What are the basic values that Robin M. Williams identified as being central to the American way of life?
133.What is considered the severest sanction?
134.What is social control?
135.What are six factors that stimulate social change?
136.How can natural disasters produce social and cultural change?
137.Explain how wars and conquests affect social change.
138.Into what three broad categories do sociologists place societies?
139.Cooperation is a social process that gets things done. What is cooperation?
140.Leaders are people who influence the attitudes and opinions of others. What are the two categories that studies suggest that leaders fall into?
141.What are the characteristics of bureaucracies according to sociologist Max Weber’s theoretical model?
142.What is the difference between an in-group and an out-group?
143.What is a pastoral society?
144.What are five of the most common forms of social interaction that take place in societies throughout the world?
145.What is division of labor?
146.What is a role expectation?
147.What are reciprocal roles?
148.What is a master status?
149.What is a role set?
150.What is the Peter Principle?
Unit 1 Review
Answer Section
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