Local and Community Development Economics

Economics 211

Local and Community Development Economics

Instructor:S. DodaroWinter 2012

Office:Immaculata Hall 401

Telephone:867 - 3945

E-mail:

Office Hours

Monday ………………………….. 1:15 pm – 3:15 pm

Wednesday ……………………… 12:30 pm – 3:15 pm

Thursday ………………………... 11:15 am – 12:30 pm.

At other times by appointment

Course Objectives

The Objectives of the course are threefold. Firstly, to apply basic economic principles to analyze the local andcommunity environment. Secondly, to provide students with some of the tools and techniques required to identify local needs and resources. Thirdly to provide students with the basic tools to begin to understand how local and community development can be brought about.

Course Evaluation (tentative – to be finalized as the course proceeds)

Term Test ……………………………………………..20%

Short Quizzes…………………………………………….. 10%

Project .………………………………………………...... 30%

Final Exam ………………………………………………….40%

Additional Requirements:

The nature of the course requires regular attendance by all students as class participation and discussion are critical components. Moreover, the material covered in class and the readings that are assigned tend to be complementary.

Text:

Blair, John P. and Michael C. Carroll, Local Economic Development: Analysis, Practices and Economic Development 2nd Edition (Sage, 2008)

Supplementary Texts: (On Reserve in the Library)

Blakely, Edward J. and Nancey Green Leigh, Planning Local Economic Development: Theory and Practice Fourth Edition (Sage, 2010)
Dwyer, Augusta, Broke but Unbroken: Grassroots Social Movements and Their Radical Solutions to Poverty (Fernwood, 2011)
Loxley, John, Jim Silver and Kathleen Sexsmith (eds), Doing Community Economic Development (Fernwood, 2007)
Loxley, John (ed), Transforming or Reforming Capitalism: Towards a Theory of Community Economic Development (Fernwood, 2007)
McMurtry, J. J. (ed), Living Economics: Canadian Perspectives on the Social Economy, Co-operatives, and Community Economic Development (Emond Montgomery Publications, 2010)
Shaffer, Ron, Steve Deller and Dave Mrcouiller, Community Economics: Linking Theory and Practice 2nd Edition (Blackwell, 2004)

Additional Supplementary Texts:(Some also available on Reserve in the library):

Bingham, Richard D. and Robert Mier (eds). Dilemmas of Urban Economic Development: Issues in Theory and Practice (Sage Publications, 1997)

Bingham, Richard D. and Robert Mier (eds). Theories of Local Economic Development: Perspectives from Across the Disciplines (Sage Publications, 1993)

Blakely, Edward J, and Ted K. Bradshaw. Planning Local Economic Development: Theory and Practice 3rd Edition (Sage, 2002)
Douglas, David J. A. Community Economic Development in Canada vols. 1 & 2 (McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1994)
Green, Gary Paul and Anna Haines. AssetBuilding and Economic Development (Sage, 2002)
Hustedde, Ronald J., Ron Shaffer and Glen Pulver, Community Economic Analysis: A How to Manual (Iowa State University, 1993) Coady Library 307.112 H968c
Lotz, Jim and Gertrude Anne MacIntyre, Sustainable People: A New Approach to Community Development (Cape Breton University Press, 2003)
Maki, Wilbur R. and Richard W. Lichty. Urban Regional Economics: Concepts, Tools, Applications (IowaStateUniversity Press, 2000)
Pike, Andy, Andres Rodriguez-Pose and John Tomaney (eds), Handbook of Local and Regional Development (Routledge, 2011)

Shragge, Eric and Michael Toye (eds), Community Economic Development: Building for Social Change (Cape Breton University Press, 2006)

Other Texts: (from which additional Readings may be assigned)

Barnes, William R. and Larry C. Ledebur. The New Regional Economics: The U.S. Common Market and the Global Economy (Sage Publications, 1997)

Barton, H (ed). Sustainable Communities: The Potential for Eco-Neighbourhoods (Earthscan Publications , 2000)

Batten, T. R. Communities and their Development
Besley, Timothy and Torsten Persson, Pillars of Prosperity: The Political Economics of Development Clusters (Princeton Univ. Press, 2011)

Blair, John P. and Laura A. Reese (eds). Approaches to Economic Development (Sage, 1999)
Blair, John P. Local Economic Development: Analysis and Practice (Sage Publications, 1995)
Blakely, Edward J. Planning Local Economic Development: Theory and Practice Second Edition

(Sage Publications, 1994)

Blakely, Edward James. Community Development Research (Human Services Press, 1979)
Brown, David L. and Kai A. Schafft, Rural People and Communities in the 21st Century: Resilience and Transformation (Polity Press, 2011) HN 59.2 B77

Bruyn, Severyn T. Communities in Action ( )

Canadian Institute for Research on Regional Development. The Economic Region of North Eastern Nova Scotia (CIRRD, 1997)

Campfens, Hubert. Community Development Around the World: Practice, Theory, Research, Training (University of Toronto Press, 1997).

CarletonUniversity History Collaborative. Urban and Community Development in Atlantic Canada 1867-1991 (Canadian Museum of Civilization, 1993)

Cary, L. J. Community Development as a Process (University of Missouri Press, 1970)
Coyle, Stephen J., Sustainable and Resilient Communities: A Comprehensive Action Plan for Towns, Cities and Regions (Wiley, 2011) HT 166 S9125
Cunningham, Gordon and Alison Mathie (eds), From Clients to Citizens: Communities Changing the Course of their Own Development (Fernwood, 2009)

De Benedetti, George and Rodolphe. H. Lamarche (eds). Shock Waves: The Maritime Urban System in the New Economy (The Canadian Institute For Research on Regional Development, 1994)
Desmarais, Annette Aurelie, Nettie Weibe and Hannah Wittman (eds), Food Sovereignty: Reconnecting Food, Nature and Community (Brunswick Press, 2010) HD 9000.5 F67

Economic Council of Canada. From the Bottom Up: The Community Economic Development Approach (Economic Council of Canada, 1990)

Economic Council of Canada. Working Papers on Local Development (various years)

Employment and Immigration Canada. Community Economic Development in Rural Canada: Handbook for Practitioners (Indian and Northern Affairs, 1981)

Galaway, Burt and Joe Hudson (eds). Community Economic Development: Perspectives on research and Policy (Thompson Educational Publications, 1994)

Gunn, Christopher and Hazel Dayton Gunn. Reclaiming Capital: Democratic Initiatives and Community Development (Cornell University Press, 1991)

Harnston, Floyd K. The Community as an Economic System (Iowa University Press, 1983)

Hobbs, Avaneda D. Community Economic Development: Challenges and Opportunities for Communities in Transition (Training Research and Development, 1996)
Hsughton, Graham. Community Economic Development (London Kingsley, Jessica Publishers, 2000)

Jackson, E. J. Community Economic Self-Help and Small Scale Fisheries (Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans)

Jacobs, Jane. The Economy of Cities (Random House, 1969)

Jacobs, Jane. Cities and the Wealth of Nations: Principles of Economic Life (Random House, 1985)

Jacobs, Jane. Systems of Survival: A Dialogue on the Moral Foundations of Commerce and Politics (Random House, 1992)
Karlsson, Charlie (ed), Handbook on Research on Cluster Theory (Edward Elgar, 2010) HC 79 D5 H347
Karlsson, Charlie (ed), Handbook on Research on Innovation and Clusters (Edward Elgar, 2010) HC 79 D5 H35

Losch, August. The Economics of Location (Yale University Press, 1964)

Lotz, Jim. The Lichen Factor: The Quest for Community Economic Development in Canada (UCCB Press, 1998)
Loxley, John, Aboriginal, Northern, and Community Economic Development: Papers and Retrospectives (Arbeiter Ring Pub., 2010)
Loxley, John and Dan Simpson, Government Policies Towards Community Economic Development and the Social Economy in Quebec and Manitoba (Centre for the Study of Cooperatives, 2007)

Luttrell, William L. Transforming Communities (Fernwood, 1997)

MacIntyre, Gertrude Anne (ed). Perspectives on Communities: A Community Economic Development Roundtable (UCCB Press, 1998)

MacLeod, Greg. From Mondragon to America: Experiments in Community Economic Development (UCCB Press, 1997).
Moulaert, Frank, Eric Swyngedouw, Flavia Martinelli and Sera Conzalez (eds), Can Neighbourhoods Save the City: Community Development and Social Innovation (Routledge, 2010) Stfx ebook
Moulaert, Frank et al, Globalization and Integrated Area Development in European Cities (Oxford Univ. Press, 2000) Stfx ebook
Neil, Cecily and Markku Tykklainen (eds), Local Economic Development: A Geographical Comparison of Rural Community Structuring (United Nations University Press, 1998) HN 49 C6 L63

N.S. Voluntary Planning Board. Community Economic development: Principles and Proposals

Newman, Lynda Henry. Community Economic Development: An Approach for Urban Based Economics (Winnipeg, Institute of Urban Studies, 1986)

Ohmae, Kenichi. The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies (Free Press, 1995)

Ostrum, Elinor. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (Cambridge University Press, 1990)

Peterman, William. Neighborhood Planning and Community Based Development (Sage, 2000)

Pierce, John and Ann Dale (eds). Communities, Development and Sustainability Across Canada (UBC Press, 2000)

Pierce, Neil R. and Carol F. Steinbach. Enterprising Communities: Community Based Development in America (Council for Community Based Development, 1989)

Porter, Michael E. The Competitive Advantage of Nations (Free Press, 1990)

Putman, Robert D. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton University Press, 1993)

Roseland, Mark. Toward Sustainable Communities (National Roundtable on the Environment and on the Economy, 1998)

Ross, David and Peter Usher. From the Roots Up: Economic Development as if Community Mattered (Lorimer, 1986)

Sackville N.B. Rural and Small Town Programme 1994. Community Economic Development in the Maritimes: Issues Relating to Native and Non-Native Collaboration
Savoie, Donald J. Rethinking Canada's Regional Development Policy: An Atlantic Perspective (Canadian Institute for Research on Regional Development, 1997) HC 117 A8 S38
Savoie, Donald J. Community Economic Development in Atlantic Canada: False Hope or Panacea? (N.B. Institute for Research on Regional Development, 2000)
Shaffer, Ron. Community Economics: Economic Structure and Change in Smaller Communities (Iowa State University, 1989)

Shragge, Eric. Community Economic Development: In Search of Empowerment (black Rose Books, 1997)

Shragge, Eric. Community Economic Development: In Search of Empowerment and Alternatives (Black Rose Books, 1993)

Tiebout, Charles M. The Community Economic Base Study (Committee for Economic Development, 1962)

Tweeten, Luther G. and George L. Brinkman. Micropolitan Development: Theory and Practice of greater-Rural Economic Development (Iowa State University Press, 1976)

Welzer, Norman. Local Economic Development: Incentives and International Trends (Westview Press, 1995)

Wien, Fred C. Rebuilding the Economic Base of Indian Communities: The Micmac in Nova Scotia (Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1986)

Wilkinson, Paul and Jack Quarter. Building a Community-Controlled Economy (University of Toronto Press, 1996)
Wolff, Tom, The Power of Collaborative Solutions: Six Principles and Tools for Building Healthy Communities (Wiley Blackwell, 2010)

Journals

Canadian Journal of Development Studies

Canadian Journal of Regional Science

Economic and Industrial Democracy

Economic Development Quarterly

Regional Studies

World Development

Magazines

Making Waves

The Atlantic Cooperator

COURSE OUTLINE

As the course progresses, additional readings and references may be provided. Also my own notes will

also be made available to students. The outline is subject to changes andalterations as the course

progresses – with changes that are made announced in class and included in the copy of the outline

posted on the course webpage. The asterisk (*) identifies required reading

IIntroduction to Community Economic Development: Basic Concepts

1.Community and Local Economy Defined

*Blair and Carroll, chapter 5 (pp. 92 – 99)

*Shaffer, Deller and Marcouiller, chapter 1 (pp. 2 – 3)

Maki & Lichty, chapters 9, 10 & 11

Introduction to Economic Concepts and Tools

*Blair and Carroll, chapter 1 (pp. 1 – 13)
*Blakely and Leigh, chapter 3 (pp. 76 – 100)
Shaffer, Deller and Marcouiller, chapter 4 (pp. 59 – 61)
Blakely & Bradshaw, chapter 3, pp. 53 - 58
Blair, chapter 6, pp. 120-126.

The meaning of Development and the Rationale for Community and Local Economic Development

*Blair and Carroll, chapters 1 (pp. 13-14) and 11
*Blakely and Leigh, chapters 1 and 2
*Shaffer, Deller and Marcouiller, chapter 1 (pp. 3 – 8)
*Silver, Jim and John Loxley, “Community Economic Development: An Introduction” in Loxley, Silver and Sexsmith (2007), pp. 2 – 13.
Blakely & Bradshaw, chapters 1 & 2

David J. A. Douglas, “Community Economic Development in Canada: Issues, Scope, Definitions, Directions” in David J. A. Douglas (ed). CommunityEconomic Development in Canada, vol.1 (McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1994), chapter 1.
Lamb, Laura, “Towards anEconomic Theory of Community Economic Development” in Loxley (2007), pp. 57 – 86.
Lotz, Jim and Certrude A. MacInture, “Defining Community Economic Development”, in Lotz and MacIntyre (2003), pp. 33 – 57.
Toye, Michael and Nicole Chaland, “CED in Canada: Review of Definitions and Profile of Practice” in Shragge and Toye (2006), pp. 21 – 41.
Wuttunee, Wanda, “Aboriginal Perspectives on the Social Economy” in McMurtry (2010), pp. 179 – 215.

4.Main Features of Community and Local Economic Development and Economic Welfare

*Blair and Carroll, chapter 1 (pp. 15 – 21)
*Blakely and Leigh, chapter 3 (pp. 73 – 76)
Shaffer, Deller and Marcouiller, chapter 1 (pp. 8 – 19)
Blakely & Bradshaw, chapter 3, pp. 66 - 72

David J. A. Douglas, “Community Economic Development in Canada: Issues, Scope, Definitions, Directions” in David J. A. Douglas (ed). CommunityEconomic Development in Canada, vol.1 (McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1994), chapter 1,

Graham Haughton. "Principles and Practice of Community Economic Development," Regional Studies vol. 32, December 1998.

Lamarche, Randolphe H. "Local Development: A Selected Review of the Literature," Canadian Journal of Regional Science vol. 18, no. 2, Summer 1995, pp. 235-254.
Loxley, John, “Elements of a Theory of Community Economic Development” in Loxley (2007), pp. 7 – 33.

Loxley, John and Laura Lamb, “Economics for CED Practitioners” in Shragge and Toye (2006), pp. 42 – 54.
O’Neill, Tim J. “Regional, Local and Community Based Economic Development” in Burt Galaway and Joe Hudson (eds). Community Economic Development (Thompson Educational Publishing Inc., 1994)

Putman, Robert D. “The Prosperous Community,” TAP Spring 1993.
Silver, Jim, Parvin Ghorayshi, John Hay and Darlene Klyne, “In an Voice of their Own: Urban Aboriginal Community Development” in Loxley, Silver and Sexsmith (2007), pp. 69-79.
Turok, Ivan, “Inclusive Growth: Meaningful Goal or Mirage?” in Pike, Rodriguez-Pose and Tomaney (2011), pp. 74 – 86.

II.Theories and Approaches to Community and Local Economic Development and the Location of Economic Activity.

Locational Theory

*Blair and Carroll, chapter 2

*Blakely and Leigh, chapter 3 (pp. 85 – 88)

*Shaffer, Deller and Marcouiller, chapters 3 (pp. 38 – 52) and 4 (pp. 73 – 78)

Maki & Lichty, chapter 2

Bryant, Christopher R., “The Locational Dynamics of Community Economic Development” in David J. A. Douglas (ed). Community Economic Development in Canada, Vol. 1 (McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1994), chapter 6.
Capello, Roberta, “Space, Growth and Development” in Roberta Capello and Peter Nijkamp (eds), Handbook of Regional Growth and Development Theories (Edward Elgar, 2009)

Stages of Growth and Adding New Work to Old

*Blair and Carroll, chapter 5 (pp. 89 – 92)

Export or Economic Base Theory

*Blair and Carroll, chapter 5 (pp. 99 – 111)

*Shaffer, Deller and Marcouiller, chapter 4 (pp. 61 – 66)

Blakely and Leigh, chapter 3, (pp. 82 – 83)

Maki & Lichty, chapter 4

Supply Side Approaches

*Blair and Carroll, chapter 5 (p. 93 – 99, 109 -113)
*Blakely & Bradshaw, chapter 3, pp. 65- 66

James A. Segedy. “How Importamt is “Quality of Life” in Location Decisions and Local Economic Development?” in Bingham and Mier (1997), chapter 3, pp. 56-73.

Cumulative Causation Theory

*Blair and Carroll, chapter 13 (pp. 282 – 284)
*Blakely and Leigh, chapter 3 (pp. 87-88)

The Central Place Theorem

*Blair and Carroll, chapter 3
*Shaffer, Deller and Marcouiller, chapter 4 (pp. 66 – 73)
Blakely and Leigh, chapter 3 (pp. 88 – 89)

Maki and Lichty, chapter 3

Gravity and Other Models

*Blair and Carroll, chapters 4 and 5

Brusco, Sebastiano. “The Emilian Model: Productive Decentralization and Social Integration,” Cambridge Journal of Economics vol. 6, 1982, pp. 167-184.

9.Cluster Analysis and Diamond of Competitive Advantage

*Blair and Carroll, chapters 4 (pp. 71 - 78) and 7 (pp. 151 – 153)
*Blakely and Leigh, chapter 6 (pp. 191 – 200)
*Shaffer, Deller and Marcouiller, chapter 3 (pp. 54 – 55), chapter 5 (pp. 75 – 76)

Hassink, Robert and Claudia Klaerding, “Evolutionary Approaches to Local and Regional Development Policy” in Pike, Rodriguez-Pose and Tomaney (2011), pp. 139 – 148.

McCann, Philip, “Agglomeration Economics” in Charlie Karlsson (ed), Handbook of Research on Innovation and Clusters: Cases and Policies 1 (Edward Elgar, 2008)
Porter, Michael E. “Competitive Advantage, Agglomeration Economies, and Regional Policy,” International Regional Science Review vol. 19, nos.1 and 2, 1996, pp. 85-94.
Simmie, James, “From Contribution of Clustering to Innovation: From Porter I to agglomeration to Porter II Export Base Theories” in Charlie Karlsson (ed), Handbook of Research on Innovation and Clusters: Cases and Policies 2 (Edward Elgar, 2008)

III.Conceptual, Measurement and Other Issues

1.Shift and Share Analysis and Location Quotients

*Blair and Carroll, chapter 4 (79 – 87) and 6 (pp. 115 – 118)
*Shaffer, Deller and Marcouiller, chapter 14(pp. 260 – 261, 269 - 272)
*Blakely and Leigh, chapter 6 ( pp. 181– 187)
Maki & Lichy, chapter 6, pp. 196 - 217

2. Input – Output Analysis

*Blair and Carroll, chapter 6 (pp. 125 – 131)
*Blakely and Leigh, chapter 6 (pp. 188 – 191)
Shaffer, Deller and Marcouiller, chapter 15
Blakely & Bradshaw, chapter 5, pp. 136 – 139

3.Qualitative Measurements and Approaches

*Blair and Carroll, chapter 6 (pp, 124-125)
*Blakely & Bradshaw, chapter 5, pp. 103 – 121 & 139 - 152
*Shaffer, Deller and Marcouiller, chapter 14, pp. 262- 265,

4.Additional Quantitative Methods and Approaches

*Blair and Carroll, chapter 12 (pp. 272 – 278)

IV.Community Economic Development in Action

1.Objectives and Effects of Community Economic Development

*Blair and Carroll, chapter 8 (pp. 167 – 173) and 11
Blakely and Leigh, chapter 11
Shaffer, Deller and Marcouiller, chapter 13
Shaffer, chapters 4 & 10

Follain, James R. and John P. Ross. “Proceedings of the Regional Growth and Community Development Conference , November 1993, WashingtonD.C. : Introduction.” Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research vol. 1, no. 1, August 1994, pp. 1-7.

Schwartz, Ed. “”Reviving Community development” American Prospect vol. , no 19, Fall 1994, pp. 82-87.

2. Issues related to Community Development Planning

*Blakely and Leigh, chapters 5 (pp. 115 – 119) and 6
*Shaffer, Deller and Marcouiller, chapter 13
Green and Haines, chapters 1
Blakely & Bradshaw, chapters 4 & 5

3. Main Approaches to Community Economic Development and Planning

*Blakely and Leigh, chapter 7
Blair and Carroll, chapters 9 - 10
Shaffer, Deller andMarcouiller, chapters 12 and 13
Blakely and Leigh, chapters 8 – 10

Green & Haines, chapters 3 - 4
Mike Lewis. “The Scope and Characteristics of Community Economic Development in Canada” in Galaway and Husdson (eds). CommunityEconomic Development (Thompson Educational Publishing Inc., 1994)

Wilkinson, Paul and Jack Quarter. “A Theoretical Framework for Community Based Development” Economic and Industrial Democracy vol. 16, no. 4, November 1995, pp. 525-551.

4.The Public Sector and Community Economic Development

Blair and Carroll, chapter 12
Shaffer, Deller and Marcouiller, chapter 10

5.Reconsideration of Production, Consumption and Resource Flows

To be assigned later

6.Alternate Approaches to Community Economic Development and Planning

Blair and Carroll, chapter 7
Blakely & Bradshaw, chapters 12 & 13

Shaffer, Deller and Marcouiller chapter 5
Loxley, John, “Strategies Advocated by Native people” in John Loxley, Aboriginal, Northern, and Community Development: Papers and Retrospectives (ARP, 2010), pp. 57 – 71.
MacPherson, Ian, “Co-operatives and the Social Economy in English Canada: Circles of Influence and Experience” in McMurtry (2010), pp. 35 – 56.
Lionais, Doug and Harvey Johnstone, “Building the Social Economy Using the Innovative Potential of Place” in McMurtry (2010), pp. 105 – 128.

V.Economic Analysis of Community Needs and Resources

Blair and Carroll, chapter 11
Shaffer, Deller and Marcouiller, chapters 5 – 10 (selectively)

Green & Haines, chapters 5 – 9 (selectively)

Barnes, Trevor J. and Roger Hayter. “Economic Restructuring, Local Development and ResourceTowns: Forest Communities in Coastal British Columbia.” Canadian Journal of Regional Science Vol. 17, no. 3, Autumn 1994, pp. 289-310.

VI.Social Infrastructure and Supporting Institutions