Supplementary Materials
Response of anaerobic membrane bioreactor to the presence of nano-Bi2WO6: reactor performance, supernatant characteristics and microbial community
Lin Chena,b,[*], Yue Wanga,b, Chuqing Caoc, Chang Liua,b, Liang Zhua,b
a Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
b College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098,China
c School of Mechanical Engineering, Nangjing University of Technology and Science, Nanjing 210000, China.
S1 Characterization of Bi2WO6 NPs
Fig. S1 XRD patterns of prepared flower-like Bi2WO6.
Fig. S2 (a) XPS survey spectra of Bi2WO6, (b) High resolution XPS spectra of Bi 4f, and (c) W4f of Bi2WO6.
Fig. S3 FTIR spectra of as-prepared flower-like Bi2WO6
Fig. S4 SEM images of flower-like Bi2WO6 particles.
S2 Fig. S5 Gas production (a) and VFA concentration (b) in the AnMBR system before and after the bismuth dosing starting on day zero.
Fig. S6 Variations of TMP with operation time.
S3 Fig. S7 Rarefaction curves based on pyrosequencing of bacterial communities. (NA0: control test; NA1: 1mg/L NPs; NA5: 5mg/L NPs; NA10: 10mg/L NPs; NA20: 20mg/L NPs; NA40: 40mg/L NPs)
S4 Fig. S8 Rarefaction curves based on pyrosequencing of bacterial communities. (NA0: control test; NA1: 1mg/L NPs; NA5: 5mg/L NPs; NA10: 10mg/L NPs; NA20: 20mg/L NPs; NA40: 40mg/L NPs)
S5 Table S1 Concentration distribution of bismuth at the end of each phase with different NPs dosages
S6 Table S2 Statistics analysis of the bacteria gene libraries obtained from the pyrosequencing based on the effective reads at 3% distance at the genus level.
S1 Characterization of Bi2WO6 NPs
The nano-materials were well characterized with the help of various techniques to investigate their morphology, physical and photo-chemical properties, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, photoluminescence and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The characterization of Bi2WO6 was added in the supplementary information S1 and briefly stated as follows.
A Bruker-D8-AXS diffractometer system equipped with a Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.15406 Å) (Bruker Co., Germany) was used to record the patterns of XRD with the 2θ range of 10–80° at a scan rate of 0.02°/0.4 s. XPS was performed on a PHI 5000 Versa Probe Scanning ESCA Microprobe with a monochromatic Mg-K source operated at 20 kV. FTIR spectra were recorded using a FTIR Analyzer (Perkin-Elmer, Spectrum 400), and the KBr was served as a reference sample. Also, the flower-like Bi2WO6 particles were characterized by scanned electron microscopy (SEM, SUPRA 55, ZEISS) (Fig.S1) and analyzed by Image J program (https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/).
XRD was used to analyze the crystal phases of flower-like Bi2WO6 (Fig. S1), and it was found that the prepared Bi2WO6 perfectly agreement with crystal planes (1 3 1), (0 0 2), (2 6 0) and (3 3 1) of the orthorhombic phase of Bi2WO6 (JCPDS 39-0256).
Fig. S1 XRD patterns of prepared flower-like Bi2WO6.
XPS analysis was used to study the electronic interaction of Bi2WO6. Fig. S2 shows the characteristic peaks C 1s, Bi 4f, W 4f and O 1s of the prepared flower-like Bi2WO6. The peaks coming from Bi 4f 7/2 and Bi 4f 5/2 at 159.1 and 164.4 eV potentially proved the existence of Bi3+ in bare Bi2WO6. The doublet peaks stemming from W 4f 5/2 and W 4f 7/2 at 37.6 and 35.4 eV respectively, were the characteristics of W6+ in bare Bi2WO6.
Fig. S2 (a) XPS survey spectra of Bi2WO6, (b) High resolution XPS spectra of Bi 4f, and (c) W4f of Bi2WO6.
FT-IR spectra of as-prepared flower-like Bi2WO6 architectures are demonstrated in Fig. S3. The absorption bands at 400-1000 cm−1 were ascribed to Bi–O, W–O stretching and W–O–W bridging stretching modes, implying the existence of Bi2WO6.
Fig. S3 FT-IR spectra of as-prepared flower-like Bi2WO6
Fig. 4S shows the SEM micrographs of prepared flower-like Bi2WO6 nano-material, where unique flower-like architectures and relatively uniform size distributions can be observed from the micrographs. From Image J analysis, the size of NPs was in a range of 130- 420 nm, suggesting that most Bi2WO6 NPs would be intercepted in the reactor.
Fig. S4 SEM images of flower-like Bi2WO6 particles.
S2
Fig. S5 Gas production (a) and VFA concentration (b) in the AnMBR system before and after the bismuth dosing starting on day zero.
Fig. S6 Variations of TMP with operation time.
S3
Fig. S7 Rarefaction curves based on pyrosequencing of bacterial communities. (NA0: control test; NA1: 1mg/L NPs; NA5: 5mg/L NPs; NA10: 10mg/L NPs; NA20: 20mg/L NPs; NA40: 40mg/L NPs)
S4
Fig. S8 Relative abundances of the predominant phylogenetic groups at the phylum level. Relative abundance is defined as the number of sequences affiliated with that taxon divided by the total number of sequence per sample (NA0: control test; NA1: 1mg/L NPs; NA5: 5mg/L NPs; NA10: 10mg/L NPs; NA20: 20mg/L NPs; NA40: 40mg/L NPs).
S5
Table S1 Concentration distribution of bismuth at the end of each phase with different NPs dosages
Dosage amount (mg/L) / Concentration distributionEffluent (μg/L)a / Supernatant (μg/L)
(though 5 μm filter) / Soluble supernatant (μg/L)
(though 0.45 μm filter) / Biomass
(mg Bi/g SS) / Background concentration (μg/L)b
1 / Lower than detection / 37.5 / 2.19 / 0.10 / Lower than detection
5 / Lower than detection / 78.5 / 2.29 / 0.48 / Lower than detection
10 / Lower than detection / 141.2 / 3.06 / 1.11 / Lower than detection
20 / Lower than detection / 174.6 / 3.25 / 2.78 / Lower than detection
40 / Lower than detection / 203.1 / 3.36 / 4.82 / 0.03
a No bismuth can be detected from the reactor effluent which might partially due to the detection limitation.
b the released bismuth at various concentrations in the distilled water condition for 30 days as a background.
S6
Table S2 Statistics analysis of the bacteria gene libraries obtained from the pyrosequencing based on the effective reads at 3% distance at the genus level.
Sample / Sequences / Chaoa / Shannonb / CoveragecControl test / 42156 / 117 / 1.12 / 0.999620
1 mg/L NPs / 34363 / 121 / 1.28 / 0.999389
5 mg/L NPs / 35862 / 140 / 1.28 / 0.999275
10 mg/L NPs / 30149 / 141 / 1.67 / 0.999403
20 mg/L NPs / 31325 / 145 / 1.4 / 0.999298
40 mg/L NPs / 37291 / 149 / 1.35 / 0.999383
a Chao richness estimator: the total number of OTUs estimated by infinite sampling.
b Shannon diversity index: an index to characterize species diversity
c Good’s coverage: estimated probability that the next read will belong to an OUT that has already been found.
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