NAME______KEY______PERIOD____DATE______
Chapter 9
Launching the New Government
PowerPoint
Washington’s Presidency
When and where was Washington inaugurated?
New York / April 30, 1789
Who was the Vice President?
John Adams
What was the relationship between Washington and Adams like?
They did not really get along – they ignored one another
What is a precedent?
Setting an example for others to follow
What precedents did Washington set?
1. calling the President Mr. President
2. setting up a Presidential Cabinet
What does the constitution say about setting up a Presidential Cabinet?
Nothing but it is clear that the Presidnet needed people to help him carry out his duties.
Secretary of State
What is the Secretary of State’s duty?
Deals with foreign affairs
Who was Washington’s Secretary of State?
Thomas Jefferson
Who is the Secretary of State today?
Condoleezza Rice
Secretary of the Treasury
What is the Secretary of the Treasury’s duty?
Deals with finance issues
Who was Washington’s Secretary of the Treasury?
Alexander Hamilton
Who is the Secretary of Treasury today?
Henry Paulson
Secretary of War (Defense)
What is the Secretary of War’s duty?
In charge of military affairs
Who was Washington’s Secretary of War?
Henry Knox
Who is the Secretary of Defense today?
Robert Gates
Attorney General
What is the Attorney General’s duty?
Concerned with legal affairs
Who was Washington’s Attorney General?
Edmund Randolph
Who is the Attorney General today?
Michael Mukasey
3. inaugural address
4. serving two terms
Judiciary Act
Date:1789
The Constitution called for a ____Supreme Court______. All other federal courts were to be set up by __Congress______
Terms:
- one Chief Justice and five Associate Justices
Who was appointed as the first Chief Justice of the United States?
John Jay
How many are there on the Supreme Court today?
One chief justice and 8 associate justices
- set up a system of district courts and circuit courts across the nation
What circuit is Texas located in?
5
National Debt
Why was the United States in debt?
During the American Revolution the U.S. had borrowed money from foreign countries and ordinary citizens to pay soldiers and buy supplies
What is a bond?
A certificate that promises to repay the money loaned, plus interest, on a certain date
United States debt in 1789___81,497,000______
United States debt today___9,202,430, 144,938______
What was Hamilton’s plan for repaying the national debt?
Repay both the federal and state debts by buying up all the bonds issued by both the national and state governments before 1789. Then issue new bonds to pay off the old debts
Why did Hamilton feel that paying off the national debt was important?
To build trust of the investors in the future
Who opposed Hamilton’s plan? Why?
James Madison – he felt it rewarded speculators
Hamilton’s Compromise
What was the compromise?
Southerners and Madison would support the repaying of state debts if the nation’s capital was moved to the south
What does D.C. stand for?
District of Columbia (after Columbus)
What state is WashingtonD.C. in?
None it is its own area
Where is WashingtonD.C. located?
The land along the Potomac River between Virginia and Maryland
How is WashingtonD.C. represented in the government?
By one non-voting representative in the House of Representatives but no representation in the Senate
What Amendment gave residents of WashingtonD.C. the ability to vote for the President?
23rd Amendment
How many electoral votes does WashingtonD.C. have?
3 – as many as the smallest state
What other plan did Hamilton have for raising money?
Place a high tariff on foreign goods brought into the country
Why do countries pass tariffs on foreign goods?
To protect local industry – encourage people to buy Americans
Viewpoints
NorthSouth
There were more factoriesmost people were farmers/few factories
Imported many goods
Supported high tariffopposed tariff
Bank of the United States
Created in _1791______
What is the function of the Bank of the United States?
Money from taxes are deposited there
Issued paper money to pay the government’s bills
Make loans to farmers and businesses
How was Congress able to justify issuing a National Bank?
The constitution does not say that Congress can create a bank but under the Necessary and Proper Clause Congress has the power to pass laws to fulfill their enumerated duties – so since they can raise taxes and coin money it is “necessary and proper” that they should create a bank
Whiskey Rebellion
What tax did Congress pass in 1791?
All liquor made and sold in the United States
Who was upset by the tax?
Backcountry farmers
How did the farmers react to the tax?
When tax collectors tried to collect the tax the farmers revolted. They tarred and feathered the tax collectors while singing Revolutionary songs
Where did the Whiskey Rebellion take place?
Pennsylvania
How did Washington respond to the revolt?
Called up the Pennsylvania militia and dispatched them
The farmers fled when they heard the troops were coming
What was the effect of the Whiskey Rebellion?
Most men were pardoned
It showed Americans that the new government would act firmly in times of crisis and that the constitution was working
French Revolution
Date:1789 - 1799
Who were the King and Queen of France in 1789?
Marie Antoinette, King Louis XVI
What was the start of the French Revolution?
Storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789
Why were the French rebelling?
1. peasants and middle class paid heavy taxes, while nobles paid none
2. they wanted a constitution to limit the king’s power and protect basic rights
Why did many Americans support the French Revolution?
1. they viewed it as the same struggle that they had gone through with the British
2. Marquis de Lafayette was a leader – many Americans liked him because he helped us during the American Revolution
What happened that changed many Americans viewpoints on the French Revolution?
Reign of Terror – (Sep. 1793 – July 1794)
The French killed close to 40,000 nobles during this time including the king and queen
Too violent for the Americans to support any more
American leaders’ views
Thomas Jefferson
He felt the French had the right to use violence to win freedom
John Adams/Alexander Hamilton
They felt that you could not create a democracy through widespread violence
How did the French Revolution affect the rest of Europe?
Led to widespread war in Europe that lasted more than 20 years
European rulers wanted to prevent revolutionary ideas from spreading to their countries
What did the war in Europe mean for America?
They had to decide a foreign policy
American Neutrality
During the American Revolution America signed a treaty with _France______
Treaty of Alliance
What did the treaty state?
The two countries agreed to aid each other in the future in the event of British attack
How did France want America to help them during the war with Britain?
Now France wanted to use American ports to supply its ships and launch attacks on British ships.
Washington and his cabinet agreed that the United States should stay _neutral______
Why?
1. the U.S. was too young
2. the U.S. military was too weak
3. the U.S. was in debt
Neutrality Proclamation
Date: April 1793
What did it state?
* the U.S. would not support either side in the war
- it forbade Americans from aiding either Britain or France
Struggling to Remain Neutral
- How did American merchants take advantage of the war in Europe?
They traded with both Britain and France
- How did the British respond to American merchants trading with France?
They captured more than 250 American ships that were trading with French merchants
- How did American citizens respond to the capture of American ships?
They wanted to go to war with Britain
- Washington wanted to remain __neutral______.
Jay’s Treaty
- Chief Justice __John Jay______was sent to Britain to negotiate a treaty.
- Terms of Jay’s Treaty
- .Britain would pay damages for the seized American ships
- .Americans had to pay debts owed to British merchants from the American Revolution
- .Britain agreed to give up forts they still held in the West (Ohio RiverValley)
- The treaty was approved by the _Senate______in __1795______.
- What problem did Americans have with Jay’s Treaty?
It did nothing to protect the right of neutral American ships in the future – Britain continued to capture American ships
Washington’s Farewell Address
- What advise did Washington give to the nation in his Farewell Address:
- Warned against forming political parties
- Stressed the importance of religion and morality
- Warned against permanent foreign alliances
- Warned against an over-powerful military
Political Parties
- Describe Jefferson’s personality.
Tall (6ft. 2 in.) and lanky
Grew up on a wealthy Virginia plantation but spoke and dressed informally,
Quite and humble
- Describe Hamilton’s personality.
Born in the West Indies in poverty but he worked his way up in society
Dressed in fine clothes and spoke forcefully
Energetic, brilliant
Enjoyed political debate
Republicans
lead by: Thomas Jefferson
- believed people should have political power
- favored strong state governments
- emphasized agriculture
- favored strict interpretation of Constitution
- pro-French
- opposed national bank
- opposed protective tariff
Federalists
Lead by:Alexander Hamilton
- believed wealthy and well educated should lead nation
- favored strong central government
- emphasized manufacturing, shipping and trade
- favored loose interpretation of Constitution
- pro-British
- favored national bank
- favored protective tariff
Election of 1796
- According to the Constitution the person with the most electoral votes became ___President______and the candidate with the second highest total was made ___Vice President______
- Who were the Federalists candidates in 1796?
John Adams and Thomas Pinckney
- Who were the Democratic Republican candidates in 1796?
Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr
- _____John Adams______was voted President
- ___Thomas Jefferson______was voted Vice President
- What was the problem?
They were from different political parties
Conflict with France
- France objected to __Jay’s Treaty______because it favored ___Britain___.
- How did France respond to Jay’s Treaty?
Began to seize American ships that were trading in the West Indies
- How did Americans respond to the French seizing American merchant ships?
They wanted to go to war with France
- What did Adams do?
He wanted to remain neutral, he knew that the U.S. was too weak to go to war
He sent diplomats to Paris in 1798 to discuss the rights of neutral nations
XYZ Affair
- Who was the French foreign minister?
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand
- Talleyrand sent __three agents______to offer the Americans a deal.
- What did Talleyrand demand from the Americans before negotiations could begin? $250,00 for himself and $10 million for France as a loan before he would begin talks
- What was the Americans’ response to the deal?
Not a sixpence
- Why is the incident called the XYZ Affair?
When Adams sent the documents of the incident to congress he removed the names of the French agents and called them X,Y and Z
- How did Adams respond to the situation?
Americans wanted to go to war but Adams wanted to remain neutral
Built up the navy
Federalists Party Splits
- Why did the Federalists favor war with France:
- They hoped it would weaken the republicans who supported France
- They hoped war would force the nation to build its military forces. This would lead to a stronger federal government which they favored.
- What happened to the Federalists Party?
It split between those who favored war with France and Hamilton and those who favored peace and Adams
New Negotiations with France
- Who was in charge of France the second time that Adams sent delegates to France?
Napoleon Bonaparte
- What agreement did Napoleon make with America?
He signed an agreement to stop seizing American ships
Alien and Sedition Acts
- Who passed the Alien and Sedition Acts?
Federalists Congress members
- What did the Alien Act state:
- The President could expel any alien thought to be dangerous to the country
- Made it harder for immigrants to become citizensbecause it changed the law from 5 to 14 years before you could apply to become a citizen
- Why did Federalists pass the Alien Act?
Many immigrants supported Jefferson and the Republicans and the act would keep these immigrants from voting for years
- What did the Sedition Act state?
- Citizens could be fined or jailed if they criticized the government or its officials
- Why were Republicans upset about the Sedition Act?
They said it violated the First Amendment of the Constitution (Freedom of Speech)
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
- How did Vice President Jefferson feel about the Alien and Sedition Acts?
Opposed them
- Why did Jefferson urge the states to take action?
Congress and the Courts were controlled by the Federalists
Kentucky Resolution
Date: November 1798
Written by: Thomas Jefferson
What did it state: a state has an equal right to judge for itself whether a law is constitutional
Virginia Resolution
Date: December 1798
Written by: James Madison
What did it state: states had the right to nullify a law passed by the federal government within their state if they thought it was unconstitutional
- What issues did the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions bring up?
States’ rights
- did the federal government have only those powers that were listed in the Constitituion?
- Did states possess all other powers (to declare a federal law unconstitutional)
Election of 1800
- Who were the Federalists candidates?
John Adams Thomas Pinckney
- Who were the Democratic-Republican candidates?
Thomas JeffersonAaron Burr
- Where was the Election of 1800 decided? Why?
House of Representative
- What happened when the House of Representatives voted for President and Vice President?
The voted for Burr as President and it kept a tie
- How many days did the voting take place?
Four days (36 votes)
- What was the outcome?
the tie was finally broken and Jefferson became President and Burr Vice President
- Why did Federalists finally decide to vote for Jefferson?
Hamilton turned his support to Jefferson because he though he was better than Burr
Amendment XII
- Proposed by ___Congress______on ___December 9, 1803______
- Ratified by __state legislatures______on _June 15, 1804______
- What did Amendment XII state?
Electors would vote separately for President and Vice President
Burr-Hamilton Duel
- Why did Burr challenge Hamilton to a duel?
Hamilton printed an article that criticized Vice President Aaron Burr’s character
- When?
July 11, 1804
- What was the outcome of the duel?
Hamilton was shot and died the following day
- What happened to the Federalists Party after Hamilton died?
Slowly died out
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