Latin American Revolutions (1800-1830)
I. Reasons for Revolutions in Latin America
A. From 1500 to 1800, Latin America was ______by Europe, especially ______
1. European nations used ______to gain wealth from their American colonies
2. ______missionaries from Spain & France converted Indians
B. One major impact of European colonization was the ______social hierarchy in Latin America
1. ______were at the top of society
a. ______were ______sent by the king to enforce mercantilism & maintain order in the colony
C. From 1800 to 1830, Latin American colonies began declaring ______from European nations & establishing ______throughout the Americas
1. By the late 1700s, Latin Americans were inspired to gain independence because of the success of the ______Revolutions
2. The ideas of the Enlightenment inspired independence especially among the well-educated ______class
II. Independence in Latin America
A. Haiti
1. ______was the first Latin American colony to free itself from European rule
a. Haiti was a ______colony with 500,000 African ______working on sugar & coffee plantations
b. Plantation owners used ______methods to control slaves
2. In 1791, Haitian slaves rose in revolt; ______became the leader of the slave uprising & helped ______by 1801
3. From 1802 to 1804, Haitians ______for their independence against Napoleon’s French army
4. In ______, France granted Haiti its independence & created a ______
B. South America
1. Throughout the Spanish colonies in ______, the ______had wealth & education but could not participate in government
a. Creoles embraced Enlightenment ideas like ______& consent of the governed
b. In 1810, the demand by creoles for ______led to revolutions throughout South America
2. South American nations gained their independence because of the leadership of two creole ______
a. Simon Bolivar
i. From 1811 to 1824, Venezuelan creole ______led an army of revolutionaries against Spain
ii. Bolivar helped create new nations of ______, Peru, Bolivia
b. San Martín
i. Argentinean creole ______led the independence movement in southern South America
ii. San Martín helped create new nations of Argentina, ______
C. Mexico
1. Unlike the South America creoles, in Mexico the ______played the leading role
2. Miguel Hidalgo
a. In 1810, a poor but well educated Catholic ______named ______used Enlightenment ideals to call for a revolution against Spain
b. Hidalgo led an army of 80,000 Indian & mestizos ______against the Spanish military & ______who feared losing their wealth
3. During the rebellion, Hidalgo was ______but Mexicans found new leaders to continue the fight another 10 years
4. The turning point in the war came in 1820 when the ______switched sides & joined the revolt against Spain
5. In 1821, Spain granted ______its independence & a ______was formed