Knowing the Ocean World

  1. Science and the Story of the Ocean

--Science uses the ______(a systematic way of asking and answering ______about the natural world), ______, and ______.

--Curiosity about the ocean led to ______, ______, ______, and finding food more easily. The search for______came later.

  1. An Ocean World

--______-the vast body of saline water that occupies the ______of Earth’s surface.

--4% of humanity’s ______, 1/3 of all ______come from the ______

--Nearly ______people live within ______of ocean

--Terms ______and______used for human convenience, there is really ______world ocean (covers ______% of Earth’s surface)

--Ocean facts: covers 361 million square km (______), avg. depth is 3,796 m (______),

seawater vol. 1.37 billion km3(329 mi3),avg. temp. 3.9°C (______)

--the average depth of the ocean is ______than the average height of the continents above sea level.

--Of all water on Earth, only ______% is fresh, and of the freshwater, only 30% is free to use (the rest is ______).

--______only make up less than ______% of all water on the planet.

  1. Marine Science, Oceanography, and the Nature of Science

--______(the process of discovering unifying principles in data obtained from the ______, its associated ______, and the bordering ______); also called oceanography.

--Integrates the 3 main sciences:______Science, ______Science, ______Science

--Using the scientific method, ______becomes______through much ______and ______, ______is collected, and the best possible ______are applied to new ______.

  1. Early Voyaging and Discovery

--The fact that early explorers met “______” everywhere they went, shows that the______did not slow the spread of man from early evolutionary times.

--______were the first to use water travel as a means of ______(1200 BC) in the Mediterranean

--______moved into open ocean around 900-700 BC, thought it was a ______(okeanos), didn’t sail out of sight of land

--800 BC, first ______(chart makers) map ______

--Charts = ______, maps = ______

--Used ______and______position for navigation

  1. Science for Voyaging

--Library of ______founded______century BC by Alexander the Great

--Greatest storehouse of ______knowledge

--Docked ships turned over any ______or______to be copied, ______were kept in the library

  1. Alexandrian Contributions

--Around 200 BC, ______calculated the ______of the Earth to within 8% using angles of sunlight at noon on the longest day of the year.

--______hypothesized that the Earth was round in the ______century.

--library was first real ______

--researchers shared information and came up with ______(finding your position on Earth by stars, planets, the moon, and the sun)

--charts were kept and updated in the library until its ______

--______and______were invented by Eratosthenes

  1. Latitude and Longitude

--______perfected latitude and longitude by dividing into ______

--Ptolemy divided the degrees into ______and______

--Latitude = ______, longitude = ______

--latitude 0 at ______, goes up 30, 60, 90 north and 30, 60, 90 south

--longitude 0 originally at Alexandria, later moved to ______, Englandbecause the British were known for excellent sailing prowess and impeccable ______

--longitude moves ______from 0 up to 180 and ______from 0 up to 180

  1. Voyages of the Oceanian Peoples

--______colonized 10,000 Pacific Islands starting 30,000 years ago.

--Main islands colonized by ______BC

--Between 300 and 600 AD, Polynesian people spread out from the main islands to nearly every inhabitable island in the ______sq.mi. area of ocean all the way to ______

  1. Meanwhile, Back in Europe

--The fall of the Alexandrian library led to the ______in Europe

--______attacked the Europeans with superior sailing skills until the Europeans perfected their ______

--Vikings found ______and ______when blown off courselooking for easier raids

--Vikings colonized Iceland by ______AD, Greenland by ______AD

--Accidentally found the North American coast in 986 by ______Greenland

--Called Newfoundland ______, because of the ______they found

--settled Vinland in 1000 AD, abandoned in ______

  1. ______Contributions

--Dark Ages did not affect ______

--between 1405 and 1433, they sent 300 ships exploring the ______, ______, and around the tip of ______just to show off their power

--invented the ______, the ______, ______compartments,and ______systems

--Chinese quit ocean exploration in 1433 due to changes in ______beliefs

  1. The Age of Discovery: From Prince Henry to Magellan

--______ended the Dark Ages, ushered in the ______

--Constantinople captured by ______in 1453, cutting off overland ______trade

--Ocean exploration sought water routes to ______

--Prince Henry the Navigator was from the royal house of ______

--set up a ______for marine science and navigation

--didn’t sail much himself, but sent out many ______

--started using the compass secretly, Europeans still thought it was ______and ______

--Christopher Columbus-credited with discovering North America, even though ______were already here.

--Ferdinand ______-credited with being the first explorer to ______the globe, even thoughhe ______before the end of the trip

  1. Voyaging for Science

--After the Age of Discovery, ______sea power arose to compete with ______and ______.

--Admiral de Bougainville of France sailed into the ______in the mid-1760s and claimed ______in 1768. This opened the door for European nations in the ______.

  1. James Cook

--British Royal Navy, commander of many missions for the ______circling the world, looking for new ______,searching for a northwest passage above North America, first known for voyaging just for the ______

  1. The Longitude Problem

--Latitude could be calculated usingthe stars, but ______needed a______to goby. Pendulum clocks of the time were ______on ships.

--John Harrison, in 1728, invented thefirst ______, driven by ______instead of pendulums.

  1. The Sampling Problem

--______of the sampling line made noting location difficult, the ______ofthe line made it difficult to know whenyou hit bottom, sampling was ______consuming and ______

--Sir John Ross and nephew designed a______sampler in 1818 that wasmuch more reliable, they also tookreliable ______(depths) of the ocean floor

--Fridtjof Nansen perfected the ______near the end of the1800s, it is still named after him, sampling at depth still remains ______

  1. The First Scientific Expeditions
  2. The United States Exploring Expedition

--The ______Institution used the United States Exploring Expedition as the nucleus of its ______collection.

  1. The Work of Matthew Maury______
  2. Charles Darwin and HMS Beagle______
  3. The Rise of Modern Sea Power
  4. Alfred Thayer Mahan______
  5. The Challenger Expedition

--Challenger-the first “______” science expedition, used the term ______for the first time

  1. Voyages for Science in the Twentieth Century
  2. Polar Exploration ______
  3. Marine Archaeology(--read about this topic on p.27)

______

  1. Other Twentieth-Century Voyages

______

  1. The Rise of Oceanographic Institutions

--Future research will be done through______, institutional, and national oceanographic institutions.

  1. Satellite Oceanography

--TOPEX/Poseidon______

  1. Alphabetic Oceanography

--Glomar Challenger______

  1. History in Progress

--Current research is funded through academic institutions or governmentalagencies, usually ______funded.