Key Concept: On a diurnal (daily) time scale the Sun appears to move with the stars as if it were attached to the Celestial Sphere.
I would like you to believe that on a diurnal (daily) time scale the Sun appears to move with the stars as if it were attached to the Celestial Sphere. In particular, the Sun will rise with the stars around it (even though you cannot see those stars because of the Sun's glare) and move with those same stars across your sky on their diurnal westward rotation as if the Sun was fixed on the Celestial Sphere with the stars.
This is not quite true, because the Sun appears to complete on cycle around the Earth every 24 hours (on average) and the stars are just a bit faster, completing once cycle around the Earth every 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4.09 seconds. This almost 4 minute difference between the Sun and the stars is hardly noticeable from one day to the next. However, over a longer time period the effect is to cause the Sun to appear against different background stars and constellations as described in my Annual Motion of the Sun section. The Sun appears to move with the stars, but with different stars at different times during the year. During the summer months the Sun appears to move with stars in the northern celestial hemisphere and shares the characteristics of those stars (rising north of due east, above the horizon for more than 12 hours, reaching a high altitude as it transits the meridian and setting north of due west). During the winter months, the Sun again is moving like a star, but this time a star in the southern celestial hemisphere, sharing its characteristics (rising south of east, above the horizon for less than 12 hours, only reaching a low altitude as it crosses the meridian and setting south of due west).
Please read the following excerpt for Kuhn's On the Copernican Revolution from a section entitled The Sun as a Moving Star: Here Kuhn argues that on a diurnal time scale the Sun appears to move just like the stars through the sky (almost). I would like you to also believe that on this diurnal time scale the Sun appears to move with the stars as if it were attached to the celestial sphere.
"...as the ancients knew, the Sun's motion takes a particularly simple form as soon as it is related to the stars. Since the stars appear shortly after sunset, an observer who knows how to follow their motion can record the time and horizon position of the sunset, and measure the time between sunset and the first appearance of the stars, and then locate the Sun on a star map by rotating the map backward to determine which stars were at the appropriate position when the Sun set. An observer who plots the position of the Sun on a star map for several consecutive evenings will find it in almost the same position each time. Each evening (the Sun) is about 1 degree from its position the previous evening, and 1 degree is a relatively small distance, about twice the angular diameter of the Sun."
Here Kuhn argues that on a diurnal time scale the Sun appears to move just like the stars through the sky (almost). I would like you to also believe that on this diurnal time scale the Sun appears to move with the stars as if it were attached to the celestial sphere. Thus, if you understand how the stars appear to move, you also will understand how the Sun appears to move across the sky on a diurnal time scale. The Sun will mimic the motion of the stars around it. The Sun will also share the "properties" of the stars around it such as the azimuth of rising and setting, the time above the horizon, and the maximum altitude that it obtains in the sky.