Journal Name: Environmental Science and Pollution Research

Article Title: Informal E-Waste Recycling: Environmental Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Mandoli Industrial Area, Delhi, India

Journal Name: Environmental Science and Pollution Research

Jatindra Kumar Pradhan, Sudhir Kumar*

Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India-173234

*Corresponding Author

E-mail:

Examples of toxic heavy metals present in e-waste

Element / Electronic components (partial list) / References
Ag / Printed circuit boards / ( Cui and Zhang 2008)
Al / Capacitors / (MOEF 2008)
As / Light-emitting diodes (LEDs), small quantities in the form of gallium arsenide within light emitting diodes / (Wu et al. 2008)
Cd / Switches and solder joints; Cadmium compounds in rechargeable batteries; UV stabilizers in older PVC cables and ‘phosphor’ coatings in CRTs; printer inks and toners in photocopying-machines (printer drums) / (Brigden et al. 2005)
Cu / Printed circuit boards; wires and cables. / (Hino et al. 2009)
Cr / Magnetic tapes; floppy disks; additives in plastics-like pigments. / (Sourty et al. 2003)
Fe / Printed circuit boards / (MOEF 2008)
Hg / Fluorescent lamps; CCFL (cold cathode fluorescent lamps) in LCDs; relays; float, pressure, tilt and temperature switches / ( Hortoneda 2012)
Ni / Ni-Cd batteries; Ni-Mn batteries; electron guns of cathode ray tubes. / (Wu et al. 2008)
Pb / Solders (as an alloy with tin); lead oxide in the glass of cathode ray tubes (televisions and monitors); lead–acid batteries. These compounds are used as stabilizers in some PVC cables and other products. / (Brigden et al. 2005)
Se / Older photocopying machines / (Pinto 2008)
Zn / Phosphor coatings in older cathode ray tubes; additives in plastics. / (Wu et al. 2008)

Total variance explained for the soil sampling sites based on principal component analysis

Component / Initial Eigen values / Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings
Total / % of Variance / Cumulative % / Total / % of Variance / Cumulative %
1 / 3.608 / 72.156 / 72.156 / 3.608 / 72.156 / 72.156
2 / 1.342 / 26.839 / 98.995 / 1.342 / 26.839 / 98.995
3 / 0.045 / 0.900 / 99.895
4 / 0.005 / 0.105 / 100.0

Total variance explained for the heavy metals among different soil sampling sites based on principal component analysis

Component / Initial Eigen values / Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings
Total / % of Variance / Cumulative % / Total / % of Variance / Cumulative %
1 / 10.007 / 76.979 / 76.979 / 10.007 / 76.979 / 76.979
2 / 2.632 / 20.245 / 97.224 / 2.632 / 20.254 / 97.224
3 / 0.357 / 2.746 / 99.970
4 / 0.004 / 0.031 / 100.00

Score plot of PCA analysis (PC1 vs. PC2) (a) for different soil sampling sites; and (b) for different elements in soil samples.

Total variance explained for the plant sampling sites based on principal component analysis (PCA)

Component / Initial Eigen values / Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings
Total / % of Variance / Cumulative % / Total / % of Variance / Cumulative %
1 / 2.987 / 74.675 / 74.675 / 2.987 / 74.675 / 74.675
2 / 1.008 / 25.200 / 99.875 / 1.008 / 25.200 / 99.875
3 / 0.004 / 0.100 / 99.975
4 / 0.001 / 0.025 / 100.000

Total variance explained for the heavy metals in different plant samples based on principal component analysis (PCA)

Component / Initial Eigen values / Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings
Total / % of Variance / Cumulative % / Total / % of Variance / Cumulative %
1 / 5.823 / 83.186 / 83.186 / 5.823 / 83.186 / 83.186
2 / 1.169 / 16.700 / 99.886 / 1.169 / 16.700 / 99.886
3 / 0.008 / 0.114 / 100.000

Score plot of PCA analysis (PC1 vs. PC2) (a) for different plant sampling sites; and (b) for different elements in plant samples.

References

Cui J, Zhang L (2008) Metallurgical recovery of metals from electronic waste: A review. J Hazard Mater 158(2):228–256

Hino T, Agawa R, Moriya Y, Nishida M, Tsugita Y, Araki T (2009) Techniques to separate metal from waste printed circuit boards from discarded personal computers. JMater CyclesWasteManage 11(1):42–54

Hortoneda J (2012) Technical guidelines for the environmentally sound management of wastes consisting of elemental mercury and wastes containing or contaminated with mercury.UNEP.http://www.basel.int/DNNAdmin/AllNews/tabid/2290/ctl/ArticleView/mid/7518/articleId/706/Technical-guidelines-for-the-environmentally-sound-management-of-wastes-consisting-of-elemental-mercury-and-wastes-containing-or-contaminated-with-mercury.aspx. Accessed January 30 2013

MOEF (2008) Ministry of environment&forests central pollution control board India, 2008,guidelines forenvironmentally sound management of e-waste, Delhi- India. http://www.cpcb.nic.in/latest/27.06.08%20guidelines%20for%20E-Waste.pdf. Accessed 28 Jul 2013

Pinto VN (2008) E-waste hazard: The impending challenge. Indian J Occup Environ Med 12(2):65

Sourty E, Sullivan J, Bijker M (2003) Chromium oxide coatings applied to magnetic tape heads for improved wear resistance. TribolInt 36(4):389–396