Introduction of Autor

Introduction of autor

Mr. Ozren Biskup

Born at 27.12.1963. In Pakrac, Republic of Croatia from father Josip, prof.ph.D Ex Catedra and mater Nada born Cuvaj, accountant mercantile expert. In strong personality have personal hint: results are metric of all values. In more of 20 years work experience doing on the most business and managements projects, very successful.

Introduction general

I whose intention, in this muster these doing something unusually, on one place doing research and take material of completely theme with name MBA – muster of bachelor's art, research mostly units of core in to MBA are,therefore it thematic is for me very motivated and hight interesting and in this form it is mosthardly andalsoexpand myknowledgewith top intention put in form since area except it is area of art.

This mater, like first, I did doing in form of 215 pages e-book with handers referral links to cover this grate fields whose is usefully for publicity on the my web site to be useful and free for all future MBA students. This press book is a form of this, with writhed web addresses in same form.

Therefore, I'm thankful for all co-authors who are help me with quality materials getting on the free encyclopaedias pages and literary.My work whose, after getting all examen, again read this all write materials on the plenty literary, web pages and links, again learn completely mater, and of them collected this amassing result – theory, practice and this picture, with intention to maximal improving my practice results in future.

I'm very thankful my mentor Mr. Kevin Stevens ph.D to help me with advices concerning this musters these picture.

Contents:

Introduction...... 2

Contents...... 3

Contents of main areas:

12. units are core:

Managerial Accounting……………………………………………….…...15
Managerial Finance……………………………………….……………….33

3. Business Economics………………………………………………………..34

Marketing 1………………………………………………………………...55

5. Marketing 2…………………………………..………………………….…68

6. International Marketing……………………………………………...... 79

7. International Contract Negotiation……………………………….………96

8. Human Recourse Management……………………………………...……97

9. Change Management……………………………………………………..100

10. Group Dynamics…………………………………………………………. 108

11. Quantities Methods……………………………………………………….110

12. Production/Operations Management…………………....………………114

13. Project Management…………………………………………..………….116

14. Management of Information Systems and Technology……………...…129

15. Strategic Management………...………………………………………….131

Strategy and International Business…………………………………….151

6. units are elective:

Organisational Analysis and Development…………………………….153
Managerial Leadership………………………………………………….165
Managing Quality………………………………………………………..188
Strategic Information Systems………………………………………….190
Business Law……………………………………………………………..196
International Business and Society……………………………………..199
Entrepreneurship and Small Business………………….………………200
Intuitive management……………………………………………………201

1. Research Project……………………………………………………………………………..……… 201

1. Management accounting

1.A. Accountancy

1.A.1Modern accounting/accountancy…………………………………………….16
1.A.2History of accounting ………………….…………………………………….16
1.A.2.1Early history………………………………………………………..16
1.A.2.2Luca Pacioli and the birth of modern accountancy…………….…..16
1.A.2.3Post-Pacioli…………………………………………………………17
1.A.3Accountancy qualifications and regulation…………………………………..18
1.A.4The "Big Four" accountancy firms…………………………………………..18
1.A.5Bodies and organisations ……………………………………………………19
1.A.5.1Accounting standard-setting bodies………………………….…….19
1.A.5.2Professional organisations………………………………………….20
1.A.5.3Government agencies………………………………………………21
1.A.5.4Oversight boards (regulators for the accounting industry)…………21
1.A.5.5Auditing standards-setting bodies………………………………….21
1.A.6Size of market ………………………………………………………………..22
1.A.6.1United Kingdom……………………………………………………22
1.A.7Topics in accounting …………………………………………………………22
1.A.7.1Standards……………………………………………………………22
1.A.7.2Auditing………………………………………………………...…..23
1.A.7.3Accountancy methods and fields……………………………….…..23
1.A.7.4Accounting Principles ………………………………………….…..23
1.A.7.4.1Accounting concepts……………………………………...23
1.A.7.4.2Accounting conventions………………………………….24
1.A.7.5Use of computers in accountancy……………………………….….24
1.A.8Types of accountancy………………………………………………………...24
1.A.9See also……………………………………………………………………….24
1.A.10Lists of related topics…………………………………………………….….24
1.A.11Notes and references………………………………………………………...25
1.A.12External links ……………………………………………………………….25
1.A.12.1Glossaries………………………………………………………………….25

1.B. Financial accountancy (or financial accounting)……………………………………25

1.B.1Basic accounting concepts …………………………………………………...26
1.1FRS 5 & SSAP 2 & fundamental accounting concepts…………………26
1.B.2Graphic definition………………………………………………………….…26
1.B.3Meaning of the accounting equation………………………………………….27
1.B.4Related qualification……………………………………………………….…27
1.B.5See also……………………………………………………………………….27
1.B.6External links………………………………………………………………....28

1.1Definition………………………………………………………………………..28
1.2Aims…………………………………………………………………………….29
1.3Traditional vs. innovative management accounting practices…………………..29
1.4Role of Management Accountants within the Corporation……………………..30
1.5Development of throughput accounting………………………………………...30
1.6An alternative view of management accounting………………………………..30
1.7Lean accounting (accounting for lean)……………………………………….…30
1.8Management Accounting in Banking…………………………………………..31
1.9Resources and Continuous Learning……………………………………………31
1.10Management Accounting Tasks/ Services Provided…………………………..31
1.11Related qualifications……………………………………………………….…32
1.12See also………………………………………………………………………...32
1.13External links…………………………………………………………………..32

2. Managerial finance………………………………………………….……………..33

2.1The Role of Managerial Accounting……………………………………………33
2.2The Role of Corporate Finance………………………………………………….33
2.3See also……………………………………………………………………….…34
2.4References……………………………………………………………...………..34

3. Economics………………………………………………………………………….….34

3.1In the beginning……………………………………………………….………...35
3.2Areas of economics ………………………………………………………….….35
3.2.1Microeconomics………………………………………………………35
3.2.2Macroeconomics……………………………………………….……...36
3.2.3Related fields, other distinctions, and classifications……….………...36
3.2.4Mathematical and quantitative methods …………………….………..36
3.2.4.1Mathematical economics…………………………….……...36
3.2.4.2Econometrics………………………………………………..37
3.2.4.3National accounting…………………………………….…...37
3.2.5Selected fields ………………………………………………….……..37
3.2.5.1Development and growth economics………………………..37
3.2.5.2Economic systems…………………………………………...38
3.2.5.3Environmental economics…………………………………...38
3.2.5.4Financial economics…………………………………………38
3.2.5.5Game theory…………………………………………………38
3.2.5.6Industrial organization………………………………..……..39
3.2.5.7Information economics……………………………….……..39
3.2.5.8International economics………………………………..……39
3.2.5.9Labour economics……………………………………….…..39
3.2.5.10Law and economics………………………………………...40
3.2.5.11Managerial economics……………………………………..40
3.2.5.12Public finance……………………………………………...40
3.2.5.13Welfare economics………………………………………...40
3.3Economic concepts ……………………………………………………………..41
3.3.1Supply and demand……………………………………………………41
3.3.2Prices and quantities…………………………………………………..42
3.3.3Marginalism…………………………………………………………...43
3.4Economic reasoning…………………………………………………………….43
3.5History and schools of economics ……………………………………………...44
3.5.1Early economic thought……………………………………………….44
3.5.2Classical economics…………………………………………………...45
3.5.3Marxist economics…………………………………………………….46
3.5.4Neoclassical economics……………………………………………….46
3.5.5Keynesian economics………………………………………………....47
3.5.6Other schools and approaches…………………………………….…..47
3.5.7Historic definitions of economics …………………………………….47
3.5.7.1Wealth definition…………………………………………....47
3.5.7.2Welfare definition……………………………………….…..48
3.6Criticism ………………………………………………………………….…….48
3.6.1Is economics a science?………………………………………….……48
3.6.2Criticism of assumptions ……………………………………….…….49
3.6.2.1Assumptions and observations……………………………...49
3.6.3Criticism of contradictions……………………………………………50
3.6.4Criticisms of welfare and scarcity definitions of economics………….50
3.6.5Criticism in other topics……………………………………………….51
3.6.6Economics and politics ……………………………………………….51
3.6.6.1Ideologies and economics…………………………………...52

4. Marketing …………………………………………………………………………….55

4.1Introduction ……………………………………………………………………..55
4.2Two levels of marketing………………………………………………………...56
4.3Four Ps ………………………………………………………………………….56
4.3.1Seven Ps……………………………………………………………….57
4.4Product ………………………………………………………………………….58
4.4.1Scope………………………………………………………………….58
4.4.2Steps in product design………………………………………………..58
4.5Packaging and trademarks ……………………………………………………...58
4.5.1Requirements of good packaging……………………………………..58
4.5.2Forms of packaging…………………………………………………...59
4.5.3Significance of a trademark…………………………………………...59
4.5.4Requirements of a good trademark……………………………….…...59
4.6Pricing …………………………………………………………………………..59
4.6.1Objectives……………………………………………………………..59
4.6.2Factors influencing price-determination………………………………60
4.6.3Steps to determine price……………………………………………….60
4.7Distribution ……………………………………………………………………..60
4.7.1Channels………………………………………………………………60
4.7.2Manufacturers ………………………………………………………...60
4.7.2.1Reasons for direct selling methods………………………….60
4.7.2.2Reasons for indirect selling methods………………………..61
4.7.3Wholesalers …………………………………………………………...61
4.7.3.1Reasons for using wholesalers………………………………61
4.7.3.2Reasons for bypassing wholesalers…………………………61
4.7.3.3Ways of bypassing wholesalers……………………………..61
4.7.4Agents…………………………………………………………………61
4.8Marketing communications …………………………………………………….62
4.8.1Advertising …………………………………………………………...62
4.8.1.1Functions and advantages of successful advertising………..62
4.8.1.2Objectives…………………………………………………...62
4.8.1.3Requirements of a good advertisement……………………...62
4.8.1.4Eight steps in an advertising campaign……………….…….63
4.8.2Personal sales………………………………………………………….63
4.8.3Sales promotion……………………………………………………….63
4.8.4Publicity……………………………………………………………….63
4.9Customer focus………………………………………………………………….63
4.10Product focus…………………………………………………………….…….64
4.11Criticism of marketing…………………………………………………………65
4.12Construction marketing………………………………………………………..67
4.13 See also………………………………………………………………………...68
4.14Related lists…………………………………………………………………….68
4.15References……………………………………………………………………...68

5. Marketing II………………………………………………………………………68

5.1.1. The objective…………………………………………………………………….68

5.1.2. The content……………………………………………………………………..68

5.1.3. The service marketing mix I – XII……………………………………………..69

5.1.4.The differential advantage and branding I – X……………………….………...71

5.1.5. The marketing strategy…………………………………………………………72

5.1.6. Team Assignment…………………………………………………….………...72

5.1.7. Setting objectives……………………………………………………………….74

5.1.8. Plan action…………………………………………………………….………..74

5.1.9. Implementing strategy………………………………………………………….75

5.1.10. Review strategy…………………………………………………………..75

5.1.11. Team assignment…………………………………………………………75

5.1.12. Analysis improving………………………………………………………76

5.2. WOM…………………………………………………………………………...76

5.2.1. Who are the influencers?……………………………………………………….76

5.2.2. How to find and target influencers?…………………………………………….77

5.2.3. Start with ‘’listening’’…………………………………………………………..77

5.2.3.1. Interview…………………………………………………………………….77

5.2.3.2. Partnership…………………………………………………………………... 77

5.2.4. Motivating influencers………………………………………………………….77

5.2.5. Empowering your Influencers………………………………………………78

5.2.6. Keeping Influencers Engaged…………………………………………………..78

6. International marketing …………………………………………………….79

6.1. The Global Marketplace……………………………………………………………...79

6.1.1.Globalization of Markets and Competition……………………………….79

6.1.2.Stages in the International Involvement of a Firm………………………..79

6.1.3.Some forces in international trade………………………………………...80

6.2. Marketing Research…………………………………………………………………..80

6.2.1.Primary vs. secondary research…………………………………………...80

6.2.2.Secondary sources………………………………………………………...80

6.2.3.Hard vs. soft data………………………………………………………….80

6.2.4.Data reliability…………………………………………………………….81

6.2.5.Cost of data………………………………………………………………..81

6.2.6.Issues in primary research………………………………………………...81

6.3. Electronic Commerce……………………………………………….………………..81

6.3.1.Prospects for electronic commerce………………………………………. 81

6.3.2.Obstacles to diffusion……………………………………………………..81

6.3.3.Focus of the site…………………………………………………………...82

6.3.4.Lifecycle stages across the World………………………………………...82

6.4. Economics…………………………………………………………………………….83

6.4.1.Historical Basis for Trade…………………………………………………83

6.4.2.Protectionism……………………………………………………………...83

6.4.2.1.Effects of protectionism…………………………………………….……..85

6.4.3.Efforts to encourage trade…………………………………………………85

6.4.4.Stages in International Trade Agreements………………………….……..86

6.4.5.Economic issues…………………………………………………….……..87

6.4.6.Measuring country wealth…………………………………………………87

6.4.7.Economic trends…………………………………………………………...88

6.5. Culture………………………………………………………………………………... 89

6.5.1.Dealing with culture………………………………………………………89

6.5.2.Warning about stereotyping………………………………………………89

6.5.3.Definition………………………………………………………………….89

6.5.4.Cultural lessons……………………………………………………………89

6.5.4.1.Elements of culture………………………………………………………..90

6.5.4.2.Cultural characteristics as a continuum…………………………….……..90

6.5.5.Hofstede’s Dimensions……………………………………………………90

6.5.5.1.High vs. low context cultures………………………………………. ……91

6.5.5.2.Ethnocentrism and the self-reference criterion……………………………91

6.6. Political and Legal Influences………………………………………………………..91

6.6.1.The political situation……………………………………………………..91

6.6.2.Laws across borders……………………………………………………….92

6.6.3.The reality of legal systems……………………………………………….92

6.6.4.Legal systems of the World……………………………………………….92

6.6.5.U.S. laws of particular interest to firms doing busines abroad…………….93

6.7. Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning………………………….………………...94

6.7.1.The importance of STP……………………………………………………94

6.7.2.Approaches to global segmentation……………………………………….94

6.7.3.Positioning across markets………………………………………………...95

6.8. Entry Strategies………………………………………………………………………. 95

6.8.1.Methods of entry…………………………………………………………..95

International contract negotiations………………………………….………..96
Planning & Management………………………………………………………………96
Legal…………………………………………………………………………………...96
Human Resources……………………………………………………………………...96
Finance & Accounting…………………………………………………………………96
Sales & Marketing…………………………………………………………….……….96
Operations & Logistics………………………………………………………………...96
Internet & Technology………………………………………………………………...96
Consultants & Contractors…………………………………………………………….96
Credit & Collection……………………………………………………………………96
Real Estate…………………………………………………………………………….96

8. Human Resource Management…………………………………………. ……..97

8.1Synonyms……………………………………………………………………….97
8.2Academic theory ………………………………………………………………..98
8.2.1Critical Academic Theory……………………………………………..99
8.3Business practice………………………………………………………………..99
8.4Careers…………………………………………………………………………..99
8.5Professional organizations………………………………………………………99
8.6See also…………………………………………………………………………100
8.7References……………………………………………………………………...100

9. Change management………………………………………………………………100

9A The term……………………………………………………………………….100

9.A.1. Change management (engineering)………………………………………..100

9.1Introduction…………………………………………………………………….100
9.2The process and its deliverables ………………………………………………101
9.2.1Activities……………………………………………………………..103
9.2.2Deliverables………………………………………………………….105
9.2.3Examples……………………………………………………………..106
9.3Change management in industrial plants………………………………………107
9.4See also………………………………………………………………………...107
9.5References……………………………………………………………………...108
9.6Further reading…………………………………………………………………108

10. Group dynamics

10.1Key theorists………………………………………………………………….108
10.2Application…………………………………………………………………...109
10.3See also……………………………………………………………………….109
10.4Notes………………………………………………………………………….110
10.5References…………………………………………………………………….110
10.6External links…………………………………………………………………110

11. Quantities Methods Management Decisions

11.1 Customer Relationship Management (CRM) RFP Template (FREE sample)…..110

11.2 Supply Chain Management (SCM) RFP Template (FREE sample)…………….110

11.3 Compare ERP……………………………………………………………………110

11.4 Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) RFP Template (FREE sample)………...110

11.5 Decision Making Methods MCDM MCDA in The News……………………….110

11.6 Enterprise Asset Management (CMMS EAM) RFP Template (FREE sample)…110

11.7 Solicitation and Selection Methods……………………………………………...110

11.8 Business Process Management (BPM) RFP Template (FREE sample)…………110

11.9Discrete Enterprise Resource Planning (Discrete ERP) RFP Template (FREE sample)…………………………………………………………………………... 110

11.10 Process and Discrete Enterprise Resource Planning (Process and Discrete Erp) RFP Template (FREE sample)………………………………………………………... 110

12. Operations management………………………………………………………..114

12.1Origins………………………………………………………………………...114
12.2Operations Management Planning Criteria…………………………………...114
12.3Organizations………………………………………………………………....115
12.4Academic resources…………………………………………………………..115
12.5See also……………………………………………………………………….115
12.6References…………………………………………………………………….116
12.7External links…………………………………………………………………116

13. Project management……………………………………………………………116

13.1History of project management………………………………………………116
13.2Definitions……………………………………………………………………117
13.3Job description………………………………………………………………..117
13.4The traditional triple constraints ……………………………………………..118
13.4.1Time………………………………………………………………...119
13.4.2Cost…………………………………………………………………119
13.4.3Scope………………………………………………………………..119
13.5Project management activities………………………………………………...120
13.6Project objectives……………………………………………………………..120
13.7Project management artefacts…………………………………………………120
13.8Project control variables……………………………………………………...121
13.9Approaches …………………………………………………………………..122
13.9.1The traditional approach……………………………………………122
13.9.2Rational Unified Process…………………………………………....122
13.9.3Temporary organization sequencing concepts……………………...123
13.9.4Critical Chain……………………………………………………….124
13.9.5Extreme Project Management………………………………………124
13.9.6Event chain methodology…………………………………………..124
13.9.7Process-based management………………………………………...124
13.10Project systems ……………………………………………………………...124
13.10.1Project control systems……………………………………………124
13.10.2Project development stages ……………………………………….125
13.10.2.1Initiation…………………………………………………125
13.10.2.2Planning and design……………………………………..125
13.10.2.3Closing and maintenance………………………………..126
13.11Project management tools…………………………………………………...126
13.12Project management associations…………………………………………...126
13.12.1International standards…………………………………………….127
13.12.2Professional certifications…………………………………………127
13.13See also……………………………………………………………………...128
13.14References…………………………………………………………………...128
13.15Literature…………………………………………………………………….128
13.16External links………………………………………………………………..128

14. Management information system and technology………………………… 129

14.1Background…………………………………………………………………...129
14.2Definition……………………………………………………………………..129
14.3Sources………………………………………………………………………..129
14.4See also……………………………………………………………………….129
14.5External links…………………………………………………………………130
14.6 Information Technology………………………………………………………130
14.6.1 Professional organizations…………………………………………………130
14.6.2 See also…………………………………………………………………….131
14.6.3. References…………………………………………………………………131

15. Strategic management

15.1Processes ……………………………………………………………………..132
15.1.1Strategy formulation………………………………………………..132
15.1.2Strategy implementation…………………………………………....132
15.1.3Strategy evaluation…………………………………………………132
15.2General approaches…………………………………………………………...132
15.3The strategy hierarchy………………………………………………………...133
15.4Historical development of strategic management ……………………………134
15.4.1Birth of strategic management……………………………………...132
15.4.2Growth and portfolio theory………………………………………..135
15.4.3The marketing revolution…………………………………………...136
15.4.4The Japanese challenge……………………………………………..137
15.4.5Gaining competitive advantage…………………………………….138
15.4.6The military theorists……………………………………………….142
15.4.7Strategic change…………………………………………………….143
15.4.8Information and technology driven strategy………………………..146
15.5The psychology of strategic management……………………………………148
15.6Reasons why strategic plans fail……………………………………………...149
15.7Criticisms of strategic management…………………………………………..150
15.8Journals devoted primarily to strategic management………………………....150
15.9Magazines that frequently contain strategic management articles…………...150
15.10See also……………………………………………………………………...150
15.11References…………………………………………………………………...151
15.12External links………………………………………………………………..151

16. Strategy and International Business

16.1.General materials …………………………………………………………...151

16.2.Course overview & environment……………………………………………152

16.3.Trade and investment theories………………………………………………152

16.4.Modes of foreign market servicing I………………………………………...152

16.5.Modes of foreign market servicing II……………………………………….152

16.6.Strategy, structure and control in MNCs……………………………………152

16.7.Manufacturing & materials management…………………………………...152

16.8.Global marketing and R&D…………………………………………………152

16.9. Managing for international competitiveness……………………………….152

ELECTIVE UNITS:

E.1 Organisational Analysis and Development……………………………………153

Organization analysis

E.1.A.1Method…………………………………………………………………….153
E.1.A.2Define market or subject………………………………………………….157
E.1.A.3Trend Analysis……………………………………………………………157
E.1.A.4Competitor Analysis ……………………………………………………...157
E.1.A.4.1Competition levels………………………………………………157
E.1.A.4.2Competitive forces……………………………………………...158
E.1.A.4.3Competitor behavior…………………………………………….158
E.1.A.4.4Competitor strategy……………………………………………..158
E.1.A.5Opportunities and Threats………………………………………………...158
E.1.A.6Organization Analysis ……………………………………………………158
E.1.A.6.1Internal analysis…………………………………………………158
E.1.A.6.2Competence analysis……………………………………………159
E.1.A.7SWOT-i matrix……………………………………………………………159
E.1.A.8Strategic Plan……………………………………………………………...159
E.1.A.9Example …………………………………………………………………..160
E.1.A.9.1Define market…………………………………………………...160
E.1.A.9.2Trend Analysis………………………………………………….160
E.1.A.9.3Competitor Analysis…………………………………………….160
E.1.A.9.4Opportunities and Threats………………………………………161
E.1.A.9.5Organization Analysis…………………………………………..161
E.1.A.9.6SWOT-i matrix………………………………………………….161
E.1.A.9.7Strategic Plan……………………………………………………162
E.1.A.10See also…………………………………………………………………..162
E.1.A.11References……………………………………………………………….162
E.1.A.12External links…………………………………………………………….162

C.Organization development

1.E.B.1Definition………………………………………………………………….163
1.E.B.2History…………………………………………………………………….163
1.E.B.3Important figures………………………………………………………….163
1.E.B.4See also……………………………………………………………………164
1.E.B.5References…………………………………………………………………165
1.E.B.6External links……………………………………………………….……..165

E.2. Managerial Leadership………………………………………………………165

E.2.A. Management…………………………………………………………..…………165

E.2.A.1Management functions …………………………………………………...165
E.2.A.1.1Different levels of management ………………………………..166
E.2.A.1.1.1Top-level management………………………………..166
E.2.A.1.1.2Middle management…………………………………..166
E.2.A.1.1.3Lower management…………………………………...166
E.2.A.1.2Formation of the business policy ……………………………….166
E.2.A.1.2.1How to implement policies and strategies…………….166
E.2.A.1.2.2The development of policies and strategies…………...167
E.2.A.1.2.3Where policies and strategies fit into the planning process
E.2.A.1.3Basic functions of management………………………….……...166
E.2.A.2Theoretical scope………………………………………………………….166
E.2.A.3Historical development …………………………………………………...168
E.2.A.3.119th century……………………………………………………..168
E.2.A.3.220th century……………………………………………………..169
E.2.A.3.321st century……………………………………………………...170
E.2.A.4Nature of managerial work………………………………………………..170
E.2.A.5Managerial levels/hierarchy………………………………………………171
E.2.A.6Areas and categories and implementations of management……………...171
E.2.A.7References………………………………………………………………...172
E.2.A.8See also……………………………………………………………………172
E.2.A.9External links……………………………………………………………...172

E.2.B. Leadership………………………………………………………………………...173

E.2.B.1Categories and types of leadership………………………………………..173
E.2.B.2The Psychology of Leadership……………………………………………174
E.2.B.3The Embodiment of Leadership…………………………………………..174
E.2.B.4Leadership associated with positions of authority ………………………..175
E.2.B.4.1Leadership cycles……………………………………………….175
E.2.B.4.2Titles emphasizing authority……………………………………176
E.2.B.4.3Symbolism of leadership………………………………………..176
E.2.B.5Leadership among primates……………………………………………….176
E.2.B.6Scope of leadership………………………………………………………..177
E.2.B.7Orthogonally and leadership……………………………………………...178
E.2.B.8Support-structures for leadership………………………………………….178
E.2.B.9Determining what makes "effective leadership" …………………………179
E.2.B.9.1Suggested qualities of leadership……………………………….180
E.2.B.9.2Leadership "styles" (per House and Podsakoff)………….……..182
E.2.B.10Leadership and vision……………………………………………………183
E.2.B.11Leadership's relation with management…………………………………184
E.2.B.12Leadership by a group…………………………………………………...186
E.2.B.13Historical views on leadership…………………………………………...186
E.2.B.14Alternatives to leadership………………………………………………...187
E.2.B.15See also…………………………………………………………………..187
E.2.B.16References ………………………………………………………………188
E.2.B.16.1General references……………………………………………..188

E.2.B.17External links…………………………………………………………….188

E.3. Quality management

E.3.1Quality Improvement………………………………………………………...188
E.3.2Quality Standards……………………………………………………………188
E.3.3Academic resources………………………………………………………….190
E.3.4See also………………………………………………………………………190
E.3.5External links………………………………………………………………...190

E.4. Strategic Information Systems……………………………………………... 190

E.4. Strategic Information System…………………………………………...190

E.4.A. Information System ……………………………………………………...191

E.4.1Overview…………………………………………………………………….191
E.4.2History of information systems……………………………………………...192
E.4.3Study of information systems………………………………………………..193
E.4.4Applications of information systems ………………………………………..193
E.4.4.1Areas of work……………………………………………………...193
E.4.4.2Information technology development……………………………...194
E.4.5See also………………………………………………………………………194
E.4.6References…………………………………………………………………...194
E.4.7Further reading………………………………………………………………194
E.4.8External links………………………………………………………………...194

E.5 Business Law…………………………………………………………………….196

14 subcategories in this category…………………………………………………………..196

146 web pages in this section of this category…………………………………………….196

E.6. International Business and Society………………………………………..198

E.6.1. Who is the International Business Society?……………………...…………198

E.7. Entrepreneurship and Small Business likeresearch project………...200

E.7.1. A Real Program- Entrepreneurship and Small Business……………… 201

References……………………………………………………………………………201

1. Management accounting

Management accounting is concerned with the provisions and use of accounting (1.A) information to managers within organizations, to provide them with the basis in making informed business decisions that would allow them to be better equipped in their management and control functions. Unlike financial accountancy (1.B) information (which, for public companies, is public information), management accounting information is used within an organization (typically for decision-making) and is usually confidential and its access available only to a select few.

1.A. Accountancy (profession)[1] or accounting (methodology) is the measurement, statement or provision of assurance about financial information primarily used by managers, investors, tax authorities and other decision makers to make resource allocation decisions within companies, organizations, and public agencies. The terms derive from the use of financial accounts.

Accounting is the discipline of measuring, communicating and interpreting financial activity. Accounting is also widely referred to as the "language of business".[2]

Financial accounting is one branch of accounting and historically has involved processes by which financial information about a business is recorded, classified, summarised, interpreted, and communicated; for public companies, this information is generally publicly-accessible. By contrast management accounting information is used within an organisation and is usually confidential and accessible only to a small group, mostly decision-makers. Tax Accounting is the accounting needed to comply with jurisdictional tax regulations.

Practitioners of accountancy are known as accountants. There are many professional bodies for accountants throughout the world. Many allow their members to use titles indicating their membership or qualification level. Examples are Chartered Certified Accountant (ACCA or FCCA), Chartered Accountant (FCA, CA or ACA), Management Accountant (ACMA, FCMA or AICWA), Certified Public Accountant (CPA) and Certified General Accountant (CGA or FCGA).

Auditing is a related but separate discipline, with two sub-disciplines: internal auditing and external auditing. External auditing is the process whereby an independent auditor examines an organisation's financial statements and accounting records in order to express an opinion as to the truth and fairness of the statements and the accountant's adherence to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), or International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), in all material respects. Internal auditing aims at providing information for management usage, and is typically carried out by auditors employed by the company, and sometimes by external service providers.

Accounting/accountancy attempts to create accurate financial reports that are useful to managers, regulators, and other stakeholders such as shareholders, creditors, or owners. The day-to-day record-keeping involved in this process is known as bookkeeping.

1.A.1. Modern accounting/accountancy

Accounting is the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information so a user of the information may make informed economic judgments and decisions based on it.

Accounting is the degree of measurement of financial transactions which are transfers of legal property rights made under contractual relationships. Non-financial transactions are specifically excluded due to conservatism and materiality principles.

At the heart of modern financial accounting is the double-entry bookkeeping system. This system involves making at least two entries for every transaction: a debit in one account, and a corresponding credit in another account. The sum of all debits should always equal the sum of all credits, providing a simple way to check for errors. This system was first used in medieval Europe, although claims have been made that the system dates back to Ancient Rome or Greece.

According to critics of standard accounting practices, it has changed little since. Accounting reform measures of some kind have been taken in each generation to attempt to keep bookkeeping relevant to capital assets or production capacity. However, these have not changed the basic principles, which are supposed to be independent of economics as such. In recent times, the divergence of accounting from economic principles has resulted in controversial reforms to make financial reports more indicative of economic reality.

1.A.2. History of accounting

1.A.2.1. Early history

Accountancy's infancy dates back to the earliest days of humanagriculture and civilisation (the Sumerians in Mesopotamia), when the need to maintain accurate records of the quantities and relative values of agricultural products first arose. Simple accounting is mentioned in the Christian Bible (New Testament) in the Book of Matthew, in the Parable of the Talents (Matt. 25:19). The Islamic Quran also mentions simple accounting for trade and credit arrangements (Quran 2: 282).

Twelfth-century A.D. Arab writer Ibn Taymiyyah mentioned in his book Hisba (literally, "verification" or "calculation") detailed accounting systems used by Muslims as early as in the mid-seventh century A.D. These accounting practices were influenced by the Roman and the Persian civilisations that Muslims interacted with. The most detailed example Ibn Taymiyyah provides of a complex governmental accounting system is the Divan of Umar, the second Caliph of Islam, in which all revenues and disbursements were recorded. The Divan of Umar has been described in detail by various Islamic historians and was used by Muslim rulers in the Middle East with modifications and enhancements until the fall of the Ottoman Empire.

1.A.2.2. Luca Pacioli and the birth of modern accountancy

The first book on accounting was written by Benedetto Cotrugli (also known as Benedikt Kotruljević), a merchant from the Republic of Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik, Croatia). During his life in Italy he met many merchants and decided to write Della Mercatura et del Mercante Perfetto (On Trade and the Perfect Merchant) in which he elaborated on the principles of the modern double-entry book-keeping. He finished his lifework in 1458. However, his work was not published until 1573, as a result of which his contributions to the field have been overlooked by the general public.[citation needed]

For this reason, Luca Pacioli (1445 - 1517), also known as Friar Luca dal Borgo, is credited for the "birth" of accounting. His Summa de arithmetica, geometrica, proportioni et proportionalita (Summa on arithmetic, geometry, proportions and proportionality, Venice1494), a synthesis of the mathematical knowledge of his time, includes the first published description of the method of keeping accounts that Venetian merchants used at that time, known as the double-entry accounting system. Although Pacioli codified rather than invented this system, he is widely regarded as the "Father of Accounting". The system he published included most of the accounting cycle as we know it today. He described the use of journals and ledgers, and warned that a person should not go to sleep at night until the debits equalled the credits! His ledger had accounts for assets (including receivables and inventories), liabilities, capital, income, and expenses — the account categories that are reported on an organisation's balance sheet and income statement, respectively. He demonstrated year-end closing entries and proposed that a trial balance be used to prove a balanced ledger. His treatise also touches on a wide range of related topics from accounting ethics to cost accounting.

1.A.2.3. Post-Pacioli

The first known book in the English language on accounting was published in London, England by John Gouge (or Gough) in 1543. It is described as A Profitable Treatyce called the Instrument or Boke to learn to know the good order of the kepyng of the famouse reconynge, called in Latin, Dare and Habere, and, in English, debtor and Creditor.

A short book of instructions was also published in 1588 by John Mellis of Southwark, England, in which he says, "I am but the renuer and reviver of an ancient old copies printed here in London the 14 of August 1543: collected, published, made, and set forth by one Hugh Oldcastle, Schoolmaster, who, as reappeared by his treatise, then taught Arithmetics, and this booke in Saint Ollaves parish in Marko Lane." Mellis refers to the fact that the principle of accounts he explains (which is a simple system of double entry) is "after the former of Venice".

A book described as The Merchants Mirrour, or directions for the perfect ordering and keeping of his accounts formed by way of Debitor and Creditor, after the (so termed) Italian manner, by Richard Dafforne, accountant, published in 1635, contains many references to early books on the science of accountancy. In a chapter in this book, headed "Opinion of Book-keeping's Antiquity," the author states, on the authority of another writer, that the form of book-keeping referred to had then been in use in Italy about two hundred years, "but that the same, or one in many parts very like this, was used in the time of Julius Caesar, and in Rome long before." He gives quotations of Latin book-keeping terms in use in ancient times, and refers to "ex Oratione Ciceronis pro Roscio Comaedo"; and he adds: