Internetworking That Means We Connect One Device with Another One by Using Cables. We Have

Internetworking That Means We Connect One Device with Another One by Using Cables. We Have

Intoducaiton to IP:

Internetworking that means we connect one device with another one by using cables. We have three types of network. The first one is Local Area Network (LAN) that means we connect computer within small distance . For example; school. The second network area is Metropolitan that is we connect computers by using region like Muscat to Sohar. The last one is Wide Area Network that we use computer network outside oman . for example; when we want to send information of student from Oman into British or any county another.

Now I will talk about Open Systems interconnection (OSI ) , it depends on the function that we use . we have seven Layer here, but I will explain one or two of if. Physical layer that we touch to motherboard to connect cable . the other one is network layer that connect with internet protocol (IP) .

IP model

I will define the data encapsulation and De-encapsulation: I will go here thought the seven layer that I talked before . For example; when we sending file or attach photo, they automatically goes from Application to transport layer, then they sanded to the network layer that we should taking information or IP address from who to whom . After that we talk the source of that person and destination where he located , then I check if the data is ok and goes through process it will send to the last layer which is physical .

Ethernet Networking that we sending data from one device to another by using the same part unless we have collision we cant send the data because somebody is sending , we should wait until that person finish.We have two connection method in Ethernet Networking . Full duplex that we send information at the same time but the other one not at the same time is called half duplex.

We will talk about ehernetcable :

1-Straight through cable:

We connectdefferent devices like :

  • PC to switch
  • Router to swich

If we want to check which cable it is we see if both side of the cable should be same color

2-Crossover cable:

Connect same devices like:

  • Router to pc
  • Pc to pc
  • Switch to switch

If both side is in different color so it is cross cable.

Pic

3-Rolled cable :

Its contain between straight and crossover cable . it can be connect one device or more

  • Router to pc
  • Router to computer

Hupsnetwork :it consider in physical layer . it’s not intelligent device and not understanding the data well . it depends on half duplex.

For example; if we send our case in one segment , it will directly send to other port so all of the segment will have the same data and information

Types of ethernet addresses :

There are three types of if

  • Unicast ( one person ) ex; A to B
  • Broadcast ( any person )
  • Multicast ( single to another group)

Ethernet frame :

It’s a correction label that has started point to start the process ( SFD) , then contain the destination and source MAC addresses , it has application data that have information and details of the person . Finally its end with (FCS) ending point.

MAC: device to connect multiple devices ( intelligent more than hubs).

For example:

I have A,B,C,D switch , if A want data to be sended to him , he just sended to know the switch

and he will send to A only , they will not distribute others.

Virtual local area network (VLAN) :its kind of separating big group into small one . Because of internet security I need this network and I am using it to reduce number of broadcast that sendedeveryday .

Network segmentation :

We divide the hole network into small group , each one will have its own part of network.

Difference between inter- VLAN communication and Router on the stick :

First one : we reaching two port from switch to router that connect each VLAN to the router.

Second one : we use only one interface to connect from switch to router

The second one is better than the first one because its more simple and easy to connect to all three .

Layer 3 switch :its using one router to multiple switch and its more faster than layer 2 .Each router have IP interface to VLAN.

IP Networking Addresses :

Each computers has an IP address that connect to device .

They have two types of it

1-Host ID remain #

2-Network ID fixed #

IP addresses classes

It has five classes but the more important are :

ClaccA : started from 1 to 127

Class B : started from 128 to 191

Class C :sarted from 192 to 223

I will explain in more details later

Private IP Address :

It is a private connection that provide network within company , not going out

For example : if u have home router at home . it has a unique and private IP address

Subnetting :

Process of divided hole network into small one

Ex :

2C : 255.255.255.192 (?)

11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000

8 . 8 . 8 . 2

8+8+8 = 24

24+3 = 26

1-# of subnet ?

192 is 11000000 so our eauation will be 2^2 = 4

2-# of hosts ?

2^6 -2 = 64-2 = 62

3-# of valid subnets ?

256-192 = 64

Wireless telecommunication

The 2G technology was launched in Finland from the cellular networks of the second generation in 1991 and has several benefits as it is considered more useful regarding allowing the spread of wireless on the spectrum. Text messages, picture messaging and media are now available through second-generation technology, allowing data to be transmitted in a particular way where only the receiver can receive and read it. These technologies use digital signals, where it using 900 frequency mega herts where it starts from 700 upto 26 hundred. It includes 8 timesliots in every TRX where it the main at it.

This technology using two different process

  1. PGSM
  2. EGSM

The 3g technology, launched in 1998, complies with ITU mobile standards, which in turn supports a transmission rate of at least 2 Mbps per second up to 14.4 on download and 5.8 on upload. This technology provides network users with broadband access to wireless voice telephony, video calls, and broadband in all mobile enviornemnt. This using frequency of 21 hundred megaheard to have more capacity.

Modelation types in 3G:

  1. QPSK : 2 bits
  2. 16 Qum: 4 bits
  3. 64 Qum: 6 bits

Speed Calcualtion models

HSDPA :Maximimum Download Speed

HSUPA: Maximum upload speed

The 4G technology for broadband cellular networks was developed commercially in Oslo, Norway and Sweden in 2009. This technology provides a unique multimedia experience with high quality with a large file transfer experience. This using frequncy of 800 of coverage and 26 in capacity.

MME (Mobile Mobility Entity) in 4G

  1. Ideal mode: Reciveng and sending thorugh MME
  2. Connect mode: Directly connected to the network (IP Address)

Mimosystem :

  • Multiple input
  • Multiple output

5G Its capacity is higher than 4G and allows higher density for mobile broadband users. There is nothing at the moment on what consensus but it is faster, Enivorinement friendly, Reactive, and connecting objects.

Different of 1g, 2G, 3G, 4G in summary:

Transmission Mediums:

  1. Microwaves Radio
  2. Advantages : easy to install , cheaper, no cables, and widebandwidth
  1. Disadvantges: losses
  1. Copper Cable
  2. Advantages: cheap
  3. Disadvantes:
  4. Fiber optics cables
  5. Advantage: less data
  6. Disadvantage:expenseive
  7. Staelite:
  8. Advantage :Highbandwidth, coverage large are
  9. Disadvantage: huge cost, delay

Handover procedure for a mobile circuit :

Preformed in BSC , decision is based on measurement reports from MS and Cell Data and using the SACCH to transmeit the measurements reports.

It can takes place between traffic channels :

  • Different MSC/VLR/BSCs
  • Different Cells within a BSC
  • The Same Cell

Handover Types 3G:

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