General Biology
Homework Assignment 4
Name ______
Chapter 13
I. Word Bank: Define or describe the following:
-Evolution
-Adaptation
-Artificial selection
-Extinction
-Fossils
-Biogeography
-Homology
-Homologous structures
-Vestigial structures
-Comparative embryology
-Molecular biology
-Evolutionary tree
-Population
-Gene pool
-Microevolution
-Genetic variation
-Mutation (see chapter 10 for details)
- Mutagen
- Missense mutation
- Nonsense mutation
- Silent mutation
-Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
-Genetic drift
-Gene flow
-Bottleneck effect
-Founder effect
-Natural selection
- Stabilitizing selection
- Directional selection
- Disruptive selection
- Sexual selection
- Balancing selection
- Frequency dependent selection
II. Short answer. Answer the following questions in complete sentences unless otherwise noted.
1. Describe Darwin’s concept of natural selection. Describe two examples known to occur in nature.
2. Explain how the fossil record, biogeography, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, and molecular biology support evolution.
3. Explain how mutation and sexual recombination produce genetic variation.
4. Describe the five conditions required for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
5. Explain why natural selection is the only mechanism that leads to adaptive evolution.
6.Distinguish between stabilizing selection, directional selection, and disruptive selection, and describe an example of each.
Chapter 14
I. Word Bank: Define or describe the following:
- Species
- Speciation
- Taxonomy
- Biological species concept
- Morphological species concept
- Ecological species concept
- Phylogenetic species concept
- Reproductive isolation
- Reproductive barrier
- Prezygotic barrier
- Postzygotic barrier
- Allopatric speciation
- Sympatric speciation
- Hybrid zone
- Reinforcement
- Fusion
- Stability
II. Short answer. Answer the following questions in complete sentences unless otherwise noted.
1. Fill in the blanks in the above concept map.
2. Describe five types of prezygotic barriers and three types of postzygotic barriers that prevent populations belonging to closely related species from interbreeding.
3. Explain why allopatric speciation would be less likely on an island close to the mainland than on a more isolated island.
4. Explain how sympatric speciation can occur, noting examples in plants and animals.
5. Explain how hybrid zones are useful in the study of reproductive isolation.
Chapters 16-19
I. Word Bank: You should be familiar with these general terms. Basic characteristics of the groups only.
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Pathogen
- Microbiota
- Eukaryotes
- Protists
- Algae
- Protozoa
- Plants
- Fungi
- Invertebrate
- Chordata
- Vertebrates
- Mammals
- Virus
II. Short answer. Answer the following questions in complete sentences unless otherwise noted.
Match the following cell types/entities with the statement that best describes its biological feature by entering the letter of the cell type/entity next to the statement. You may use each letter multiple times and each statement may be matched with more than one letter.
A. Plant Cell
B. Bacterium
C. Animal Cell
D. Virus
Biological Features
______1.A living cell that contains DNA, RNA, ribosomes, no nucleus, and a cell wall.
______2. A living cell that contains DNA, RNA, ribosomes, a nucleus, and a cell wall.
______3.A living cell that contains DNA, RNA, ribosomes, a nucleus, no cell wall.
, ______4.Living cells that contain DNA, RNA, ribosomes, and a cell wall.
, ,_ 5. Living cells that contain DNA, RNA, and ribosomes.
______6.A biological entity that lacks a cytoplasm and ribosomes.
______,______7. Eukaryotic cells that contain mitochondria and can carry out oxidative phosphorylation.
______8.A eukaryotic cell that contains chloroplasts and can carry out photosynthesis.
______9. A eukaryotic cell that contains both mitochondria and chloroplasts and can carry out
photosynthesis.
______10. A biological entity that contains DNA or RNA as the genetic material but cannot
reproduce independently.
______11.Earliest living cellson earth.
______,______12. Autotrophic cells that can produce their own organic food.
______,______13. Heterotrophic cells that consume preexisting organic matter as food.
______14.The cause of the common cold or the flu.
Chapter 36
I. Word Bank: Define or describe the following:
-Population
-Population density
-Dispersal pattern
- Clumped
- Uniform
- Random
-Life table
-Survivorship curves
-Exponential growth model
-Limiting factors
-Logistic growth model
-Carrying capacity
-Boom and bust
-Sustainable resource management
-Maximum sustainable yield
-Ecological footprint
II. Short answer. Answer the following questions in complete sentences unless otherwise noted.
- Name and describe the factors that are important population variables.
- Differentiate between the three types of survivorship curves and give an example organism for each.
- Describe exponential growth and the formula used to predict this growth pattern.
- Describe the logistic growth model and the formula used to predict this pattern. How is this different from exponential growth?
- Explain the limiting factors that influence population growth.
- Describe the concept of ecological footprint
Chapter 37
I. Word Bank: Define or describe the following:
- Community
- Interspecific interactions
- Competition
- Mutualism
- Predatioin
- Herbivory
- Parasites
- Pathogens
- Ecological niche
- Trophic structure
- Food chain
- Decomposers
- Food web
- Keystone species
- Invasive species
- Ecosystem
- Chemical cycling
- Biomass
- Abioticresovoir
- Carbon cycle
- Phosphorus cycle
- Nitrogen cycle
II. Short answer. Answer the following questions in complete sentences unless otherwise noted.
1. Fill in the blanks in the table above summarizing the interspecific interactions in a community.
2. Fill in the concept map above summarizing ecosystem dynamics.
3. Describe the trophic structure of a community, including the role of producers and primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary consumers.
4. Explain how species diversity is measured.
5. Explain the processes and importance of energy and nutrient cycling in ecosystems.