Organic Chemistry
Chapter 22-24
I. Organic Chemistry is the study of carbon chemistry.
A. All living things are made of .
B. A subsection of organic chemistry is the study of chemical reactions in living systems, called .
C. Proteins and are made out of carbon.
1. In addition the tissue in the body, excluding the bones, has carbon as its structural material.
2. Carbon linked together forms the molecules in the body.
D. Organic chemistry includes the study of oil, plastic and all kinds of other organic compounds.
II. Hydrocarbons- compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon.
A. The simplest hydrocarbon is , CH4. Methane is a major component of . It is also called marsh gas because it is formed by the action of bacteria on decaying plants in swamps and marshy areas. Livestock and termites also emit methane as a product of their digestion process.
B. E is the name of the hydrocarbon with a formula C2H6.
C. When a hydrocarbon has only carbon and hydrogen atoms and does not have any double or triple bonds it said to be . This is because it cannot have any more hydrogen molecules added.
D. When there is a double or triple bond this removes some of the hydrogen atoms that could have been added and the compound is called .
III. Naming of Organic Compounds.
A. The names of organic compounds are controlled by a group called - International Union of Pure and Applied Chemist.
B. Compounds are named according to how many carbon molecules you have connected together in their largest consecutive chain.
Memorize the following1 Carbon
2 Carbons
3 Carbons
4 Carbons
5 Carbons
6 Carbons
7 Carbons
8 Carbons
9 Carbons
10 Carbons
All of these compounds end in “ .” This means that none of these compounds have any functional groups.
C. Functional groups are the most reactive points on a compound. They are the sites where a chemical reactions take place.
1. D . If you have a double bond on a compound the ending of the compound becomes “ .” A double bond is an example of a functional group.
2. T . This means you have two carbons that have a triple bond between them. In this case the ending of the name of the compound is changed to “ .”
3. A . This means that there is an –OH group on the carbon chain. The ending of the name of the compound is changed to “ol.”
4. A and . This means that there is a double bonded oxygen group on the carbon chain. If the double bonded oxygen is on an end carbon then the compound is called an Aldehyde, and ending of the name of the compound is changed to “ .”
If the double bonded oxygen has a carbon on both sides it is called a . The ending of the name of the compound is changed to “ .”
5. E . This has an oxygen atom bridging between two carbon atoms
6. A . If you have a double bonded oxygen and an OH group on the same carbon it is called an acid.
7. A . This has double bonds that are one carbon away from one another.
8. E . These are molecules that smell. Most fruit smells are esters. These have the double bond of a ketone and the bridging carbon of an ether.
9. A . These have a nitrogen bonded with two hydrogens at one end.
10. A . These have both an amine group and an acid group. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
11. A .