DNA Review

*I can describe the basic structure of DNA and the process of replication.

DNA is made of NucleotidesDraw a Nucleotide Below.

4 types:

______

Chargaff’s rule:

__ = __ ___ hydrogen bonds

__ = ______hydrogen bonds

The structure is called a ______and DNA is always ______stranded. DNA has a ______backbone. It looks like a ______ladder.

DNA Replication

Enzymes – ___ Polymerase, Helicase, Ligase.

Replication is ______and______. What does this mean?

Draw what it means to be semi conservative.

Draw what it means to be semi discontinuous.

Draw a replication fork.

Draw where the enzymes are placed to allow replication.

*I can explain the processes of transcription and translation.

Transcription – ____ mRNA

  • Enzymes – ___ Polymerase & ______
  • Use __ instead of __ nucleotides – anytime you would add a __ it’s a __.
  • RNA is _____ stranded

Translation – mRNA  _____

  • mRNA comes to the ribosome.
  • Ribosomes are made of ____ and _____.
  • ____ brings amino acids to the ribosome where the codons from the mRNA and the ______from the tRNA match up and allow ______bonds to form between amino acids. A protein is formed.

Start is ___

Stop is ___, ___, ___

Know how to use this chart!

Give me the amino acids for this mRNA strand:

AUG CCA UCU CAU UUU UAC CAU UAG

*I can explain how the genetic code is universal.

  • All organisms have the same nucleotides, same DNA structure and the same way of making proteins, DNA IS UNIVERSAL!

*I can explain the advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual reproduction.

  • Asexual
  • Advantages – ______
  • Disadvantages – ______
  • Sexual
  • Advantages – ______
  • Disadvantages – ______

*I can explain how meiosis forms gametes and causes genetic variation. I can explain Mitosis.

Mitosis is 2n  2n or in other words creates exact copies.

Meiosis is 2n  n or in other words creates genetic variation.

To the left is our note sheet from earlier this year. Some important terms include:

Crossing Over

Independent Assortment

Random Fertilization

Remember the important steps involved.

Practice this process by drawing or writing you will see these processes again.

*I can use Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment.

*I can discuss modes of inheritance including: dominant, recessive, codominant, incomplete dominance, sex-linked and multiple alleles.

What is Phenotype?

What is Genotype?

Dominant/Recessive – One trait is dominant the other is not.

Use T’s to represent alleles, dad is homozygous dominant and mom is heterozygous. What are the phenotypic and genotypic ratio’s, make sure to use a Punnett square.

Use T’s to represent alleles, dad is homozygous dominant and mom is homozygous recessive. What are the phenotypic and genotypic ratio’s, make sure to use a Punnett square.

Codominant – Both traits show up as dominant. Ex. Zebra’s, Brown and white cow, etc…

A brown cow is homozygous dominant (YY), a white cow is homozygous recessive (yy) heterozygous (Yy) cows have brown and white spots. A brown cow is crossed with a white cow, what are the phenotypic and genotypic ratios for the offspring, make sure to use a Punnett square.

Incomplete Dominance – Get something in the middle. Red and white flowers give pink flowers.

A red flower is homozygous dominant (RR) is crossed with a homozygous dominant (rr) white flower. Heterozygous plants (Rr) are pink. What is the genotypic and phenotypic ratio’s, make sure to use a Punnett square.

Sex Linked – Have to look at the sex of the offspring and the trait.

Color blindness is a recessive sex linked trait. The gene’s look like this:

XtY = Colorblind male XtXt = Colorblind female

XTY = Normal MaleXTXt = Normal female

XTXT = Normal Female

A colorblind male is crossed with a homozygous dominant female. What are the phenotypic and genotypic ratio’s make sure to use a Punnett square.

Multiple alleles – This is when there are more than two choices for an allele. For example:

Mb – Blue flower

Mg – Green flower

Mr – Red flower

Mw – white flower

Mp – Purple flower

**You can do crosses with these and find out what is dominant to what.

I can explain how DNA/Chromosome mutations affect phenotype.

  • Two types of mutations:
  • Point – where one nucleotide base is changed or affected.
  • Insertion – ______
  • Deletion – ______
  • Substitution – ______
  • Three types:
  • Silent – ______
  • Missense – ______
  • Nonsense – ______

 these lead to frame shift mutations.

  • Chromosomal – Where an entire chromosome is affected. We use Karyotypes to look at these. Important terms include Monosomy, triosomy, Insertion, deletion, etc… Down’s syndrome is an example.
  • Draw examples of each type of mutation below.

Insertion - AUG CCA UCU CAU UUU UAC CAU UAG

Deletion - AUG CCA UCU CAU UUU UAC CAU UAG

Substitution - AUG CCA UCU CAU UUU UAC CAU UAG

Frameshift –

Silent - AUG CCA UCU CAU UUU UAC CAU UAG

Missense - AUG CCA UCU CAU UUU UAC CAU UAG

Nonsense - AUG CCA UCU CAU UUU UAC CAU UAG

  • Why are point mutations so dangerous?

I can analyze how heredity impacts human life.

  • We talked about a bunch of case studies regarding GMO, growing cultured food, patenting genes, genetic testing (23 and me), etc. Make sure you know what these examples are and how they may impact human life.