ROUGH DRAFT
28 October 2009
West Sumatra Earthquake
Human Recovery Needs Assessment
Contents
1.0 Human Recovery Needs Assessment......
1.1 Pre-Disaster Vulnerabilities
Pre-disaster situation and/or vulnerabilities – education
Pre-disaster vulnerabilities – environment
Pre-disaster vulnerabilities – health......
Pre-disaster vulnerabilities – protection
Pre-disaster vulnerabilities – shelter......
1.2 Summary of Survey Results
Impact on various aspects of community lives and governance
Access to food
Social Cohesion
Access to Clean Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
Access to Shelter
Access to Livelihood
Access to Education
Safe and Sustainable Environment
Access to Community Infrastructure/Facilities
Impact on Governance
Access to Health......
Impact on Vulnerable Groups
Access to Protection
Impact on agriculture
1.3 Summary of Focus Group Discussions
Community Insights on Recovery and Reducing Disaster Risks
Infrastructure
Shelter
Governance
Livelihoods
Agriculture
Health
Shelter
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)
Education
Agriculture
Cross-Cutting – Disaster Risk Management
Cross-Cutting – Restore Basic Services and Infrastructure
Cross-Cutting – Clearing and Demoliton
Cross-Cutting – Psychological
Cross-Cutting - Conflict
Cross-Cutting – Environment
2.0 Human Recovery Needs......
Agriculture......
Education......
Environment......
Early Recovery - Governance......
Early Recovery - Livelihood......
Early Recovery - Shelter/Community Facilities and Infrastructure......
Health......
Nutrition......
Protection......
Water, Sanitation and Hygene (WASH)......
3.0 Early and Longer-Term Recovery and Reconstruction Costs
4.0 Early and Longer-Term Recovery and Renaki Comparison Table..
1.0 Human Recovery Needs Assessment
The Human Recovery Needs Assessment (HRNA) process is founded on the need to assess the perceptions of people and communities in order to better inform the recovery and reconstruction process. If it can be said that the Damage and Loss Assessment (DALA) is a founded on a quantitative inventory of WHAT has happened based on secondary government agency data confirmed by field visits, then comparatively it can be said that the Human Recovery Needs Assessment (HRNA) process is founded on a qualitative primary field assessment of the perceptions of people and communities about HOW to do what must be done based on community perceptions of the implications of the damages, losses and related needs.
Taken together, the HRNA and the DALA make up the Post Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) in which the two assessments come together to identify WHY the disaster happened and HOW to keep it from happening again so that future disaster risks are reduced in the process of putting the affected communities on the path to recovery.
The Human Recovery Needs Assessment (HRNA) data was collected from primary sources through household surveys complemented by Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KII). A total of 600 households were interviewed in six of the worst affected districts (Agam, Kota Padang, Padang Pariaman, Pariaman City, Pasaman Barat and Pesisir Selatan) based on purposive sampling method. Out of the total 600 questionnaires, the data processed from this exercise was 500 valid questionnaires.
The HRNA methodology is designed to obtain direct qualitative feedback from the affected people and communities regarding their understanding of immediate recovery needs rather than a more quantitative representation or inventory of the situation. Therefore, it is important to recognize that percentages presented in as a part of the HRNA report are based on community needs as perceived by the households surveyed that illustrate overall perceptions and needs as seen by the disaster affected population.
1.1 Pre-Disaster Vulnerabilities
Based on information being prepared by BNPB to be entered into its Indonesia Disaster Data and Information (DiBi) - a Government of Indonesia cross ministrydatabase (see dibi.bnpb.go.id) on disaster information - West Sumatera Province is a high risk province prone to a wide range of disaster types.Thefollowing table shows the ranking of each district in West Sumaterarelative to the Indonesia Disaster Risk Index. This index (below) wasprepared in mid-2009 by a team of Indonesian disaster risk index experts with support from the World Bank. Coordination between the team and BNPB has been supported by UNDP to ensure smooth integration into the DiBi.
KABUPATEN / Earth quake / Land Slide / Tsunami / Flood / Drought / Erosion / VolcanicEruption
WORST AFFECTED
DISTRICTS
Agam / H / H / H / M / M / H / H
Kota Padang / L / M / M / M / M / L / M
Padang Pariaman / M / H / H / M / M / H / H
Kota Pariaman / H / H / H / M / M / M / M
Pasaman Barat / H / M / M / H / M / H / M
Pesisir Selatan / M / M / M / L / M / H / M
AFFECTED DISTRICTS
Pasaman / H / M / M / L / L / H / M
Kota Bukit Tingggi / H / H / H / M / M / M / M
Tanah Datar / H / H / H / M / M / H / M
Solok Selatan / H / M / M / L / L / H / L
Solok / M / H / H / M / M / H / M
Kota Padang Panjang / H / H / H / M / L / M / M
Kep.Mentawai / H / L / L / L / L / M / L
UNAFFECTED DISTRICTS
Sawahlunto Sijunjung / H / M / M / L / M / H / M
Lima Puluh Koto / H / H / H / M / M / H / M
Dharmas raya / H / M / M / M / L / H / L
Kota Solok / H / H / H / M / M / M / M
Kota Sawahlunto / H / L / L / M / L / H / L
Kota Payakumbuh / H / H / H / M / M / H / M
The high risk to the above disaster types is well known by local government and West Sumateran communities and is documented in the West Sumatera Province Disaster Management Plan 2008 - 2012.This plan ranks the potential risks due to disasters resulting from the following hazards Province-wide as follows:
Risk I
High Return Rate with High Potential Damage and Casualties
Earthquake, Tsunami, Flood, Epidemics, Drugs
Risk II
Lower Return Rate with High Potential Damage and Casualties or
High Return Rate with Lower Potential Damage and Casualties
Landslide, Volcano, Forest and Land Fire, Storm, Building Fire, Tidal
There are a number of well known vulnerabilities or disaster patterns demonstrated by this disaster that are regularly repeated in other areas of Indonesia with similar high-risk to earthquakes (with the secondary disaster of landslides):
High rate of rural houses destroyed.This pattern has repeated itself over and over throughout Indonesia as well as in West Sumatera because the methods required for building earthquake resistant houses are not widely known by local builders or families that build their own houses.Fortunately, this damage pattern is also accompanied lately in West Sumatera by a growing capacity as disaster resistant house building materials and methods have become more widely known due to work done by Public Works (Housing) in partnership with communities, development agencies and NGOs.
High rate of fully collapsed or heavily damaged schools.Another key damage pattern that repeats itself over and over throughout Indonesia as well as in West Sumatera is the high level of fully collapsed or heavily damaged schools.
Extensive rural access blocked by landslides.A final repeating damage pattern is the extensive damage and blockage of roads due to landslides caused by unstable soils that were not accounted for during the process of road planning, design and construction of roads to rural areas.
Pre-disaster situation and/or vulnerabilities – education
Padang city is the education hub for the Western SumatraProvince with a high concentration of higher education institutions, and secondary and primary schools. Before the earthquake, about 895,000 students were enrolled in education facilities supervised by the MONE, about 56,000 students were enrolled in madrasah schools, and 86,000 students (Data Pokok Pendidikan Sumatera Barat 2007/ 2008)were registered in higher education institutions. The educational achievement in the West Sumatra Province has improved in the recent years to catch up with the national average. In 2008, net primary school enrollment rate was 95%, with similar participation of boys and girls. The transition rates to junior secondary level and senior secondary level have increased due to improved physicalaccess to schools throughout the province. In 2008, net enrolment rates for Junior Secondary schoolsstood at 67 %, and 45% for Senior Secondary schools (country wide enrollment rates stand currently at 71% in Junior Secondary and 50% in Senior Secondary)
The education sector is characterized by public-private partnerships at all levels. Around 30% of schools (pre-tertiary) and 68 % of madrasahs are privately managed; 82 out of 87 Higher Education Institutions in the province, including universities, academies, institutes are private. In addition, the private sector plays a vital role in delivering non-formal education. A large number of private non-formal training providers offering skills training courses, language classes, business and management programs, computer training, etc.
Weak earthquake resistance of school building construction contributed to the high level of destruction, since the construction of schools frequently does not follow the seismic building code of Indonesia. Many education facilities, particularly in rural and poorer areas, were constructed in the 1970s or 1980s as part of the Inpres program and have seriously deteriorated due to severe weather conditions, continuous use and inadequate maintenance. The poor earthquake resistance of the schools in West Sumatra has remained unaddressed over the years. Funding received from various sources for school rehabilitation was more commonly used to improve a school’s appearance rather than to improve its earthquake resistance. To accommodate a quickly growing number of new students and increase access to secondary education services many existing schools were extended and additional schools were built. However, in order to maximize limited funds, the enforcement of building codes and other safety standards has often been compromised over the years.
Pre-disaster vulnerabilities – environment
West Sumatra’s exposure to seismic activity and its steep terrain make the province uniquely susceptible to landslides. Three-quarters of West Sumatra’s land area is mountainous and risk of landslides and erosion affects around half the province. While the highlands provide some agricultural ground, many areas are too steep for cultivation and in some areas, loss of forest cover and inappropriate land uses exacerbate the risks of landslides.
The mountains are an important source of freshwater that feeds the province’s rivers and provides its main source of drinking water. However, damage to catchment areas and watersheds may affect water levels in some areas and may have impacts on the province’s hydropower potential. There are also reports of dumping of waste from small-scale industrial activities into rivers and beach areas, and several rivers have poor water quality and high levels of mercury accumulation. In some areas, lack of sanitary facilities leads to further pollution of water bodies.
West Sumatra’s protected forests, including its two national parks, are under pressure from illegal logging and encroachment. Forest degradation reduces the forest’s capacity to provide environmental services including the protection of biodiversity, the stabilization of soil, and the sequestration of carbon.
Pre-disaster vulnerabilities – health
With regard to the health aspect, the following factors are identified as the main pre-disaster vulnerabilities underlying the extent of the disaster impact:
- Lack of funding source especially for medical supplies and equipment
- Limited capacity of local health department in taking on additional task post-emergency
- Health resources capacity for universal coverage of health servicesneeds to be upgraded
- Leadership, accountability and ownership
- Information sharing, accuracy and timely delivery is still need to be improved
- Coordination and collaboration of government agencies, NGOs, international/national health agencies and external partners need to be strengthened
- District based early recovery operational plan not yet available.
Pre-disaster vulnerabilities – protection
According to a 2007 Department of Social Affairs survey, 380,965 people were living with pre-existing vulnerabilities in the 6 affected districts. Vulnerabilities included, but were not exclusive to: children affected by abuse or violence; children in conflict with the law; children with disabilities; children living on the streets or in institutions; women affected by GBV; adults with disabilities; and elderly without family support. More than 60 care institutions were working in the affected districts prior to the earthquake catering to this population.
In addition, while the Rights of women in Indonesia are promoted by many laws and policies, for example Law on Domestic Violence of 2004, women still experience disadvantages and discrimination in accessing resources and services, in having a role in decision making (for example women are only 16-18 of Legislature), and in experiencing various forms of violence (3.07% experience domestic violence).Maternal mortality is on average 228/100.000 live births (2007) . Government institutions have limited capacity or mechanisms to promote women’s rights; the Ministry of Women’s Empowerment has limited resources to encourage and support other technical departments.
Pre-disaster vulnerabilities – shelter
The housing in Indonesia being mostly private, except for some civil servant who may be lodged by the government, 10-15%. 40-60% live in informal settlements, hence basically self built. An important difference for the individual is if the house is rented or owned. This may later on be conflicted for a beneficiary policy, but may be less important for an early damage assessment. Urban density housing in Padang , is practically limited to 2 floor structures, except for the ‘ruko’ or shop houses which usually use more than 2 floors (3-4 floors). The vast housing majority is one level though. The difference in cost/m2 is of course considerable, but in total values less significant given the low percentage of multi storey housing.
1.2 Summary of Survey Results
The following is a summary of the perceptions of people and communities in the six most affected districts including related interventions or needs identified indicated as developed with input from the Humanitarian Clusters or special Working Groups (i.e. Governance Working Group or Shelter Recovery Working Group).
Impact on various aspects of community lives and governance
Key concerns are felt fairly broadly across basic issues such as lack of income, physical threats, shelter, food, clean water and health related issues. It is significant that "lack of/loss of income" (livelihood), safety/security, shelter and other basic need rank highest with children's education ranking lowest. The surveysuggeststhat the general perceptions of the affected communities are directed towards immediate survival.It is interesting to note that children’s education ranks a distant last after perceptions regarding immediate survival.
Table X: Perception Regarding the Disaster Impact (%)
No / Most Concerning Matters / %1 / Lack of / loss of income / 19.1
2 / Physical threat or injury /lack of safety / 18.0
3 / No or lack of shelter / housing / 16.9
4 / Lack of food / 16.2
5 / Lack of clean water / 13.6
6 / Health / lack of services / 11.8
7 / Children’s education disruption / 4.4
Access to food
People's access to food has been compromised but not to the level that they perceive themselves to be at a great risk of starvation. In fact they see themselves surviving for about an average of one week even without food aid. This, notwithstanding, should provide the evidence that measures has to be instituted to ensure that households are not sliding into food insecurity overtime during the recovery phase. Coping with this situation, people are adjusting their meal pattern. About one-third (30%) of the interviewed household decrease the volume of their meals, another one third (32%) decrease the frequency of meals, and the other one-third (32%)are adjusting the variation of the food they are consuming.
Table X: Number of Days Withstanding without Food Aid (Days)
No / Kabupaten/Kota / Average1 / Kota Pariaman / 7.41
2 / Kabupaten Pasaman Barat / 6.37
3 / Kabupaten Padang Pariaman / 6.13
4 / Kota Padang / 5.51
5 / Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan / 5.30
6 / Kabupaten Agam / 4.56
Overall Average / 5.88
The disaster affects has affected people's access to food in terms of food commodities' availability (or lack thereof) in the market or, the lack of its that has led to increasesdthe prices, and the corresponding increasing pressure to the households' allocation of resources for food. SA multiple answers to the survey answers revealed a consistent perception that food availability may remain unchanged or decrease, leading to d that effect price increases. Table X indicates that the proportion of households having to increase their allocation for food is 36% while 42% have decreased their allocations as food availability has decreased. Taken together, over three-fourths of households have adjusted their expenditure for food as a result of the crisis. More than 40 % of household see themselves having to adjust their household allocation of resources for food. Taken together, thisThis implies that until such time that the there are adequate employment opportunities and livelihood systems are back on trackrestored and strengthened, certain targeted support will have to be provided to be part of the early recovery supports to the affected households threatened by food insecurity.
Table X: Perception Regarding Environmental Impacts of Disaster on Availability/Access to Food (%)
No / Access to food / Increase / No Change / Decrease1 / Availability of food in the market / 3 / 42 / 49
2 / Price of food / 82 / 14 / 2
3 / Your household’s money allocation for food / 48 / 11 / 37
Social Cohesion
The disaster has touched on issues that determine a community's cohesion. The HRNA survey has illustrated that issues of land ownership / use is not so much of an issue after the disaster (except in landslide areas), but the issue of water sources is likely to become one of the most worrisome issues regarding community cohesion and conflict prevention in the months to come, therefore, it is imperative that measures are put in place to assist communities manage their water resources.
Table X: Typical Source of Community Quarrels Before/After the Disaster
No / Issues triggering community quarrels / Before / After1 / Land ownership/use / 35 / 15
2 / Water source use / 7 / 25
3 / Agricultural assets (water, livestock, crops) / 9 / 6
4 / Use of public facilities / 6 / 11
5 / Property and trade / 13 / 14
6 / Dignity, pride, ethnicity, religion / 11 / 6
7 / Working relationship / 1 / 1
8 / Others (write) / 18 / 20
TOTAL / 100 / 100
Access to Clean Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
More than sixty per cent of people surveyed depend on piped water network/city water network (urban population), river/ponds, or open sources. One third of those who depended on city networks of piped water before the crises are now experiencing disruption of this service while those who relied on other sources pre-crisis have been ed breakdown while the others are relatively less disrupted affected. Targeted recovery support to Depending on how soon local government to assist them to could resume their basic services, including clean water provision, will have to be combined with , that urban household would need support to urban households to ensure their sustained access to clean water.