TableS1: The aquatic insects’ morphospecies and taxa collected (number of individuals) fromthe three catchments of peninsula Malaysia. CG: collector-gatherer; CF: collector-filterer; SC: scraper; SH: shredder; P: predator.

Berembun

Order / Family / Genus / FFG / BR1 / BR2 / BR3 / BR4 / BR5 / BR6
EPHEMEROPTERA / Baetidae / Baetis sp / CG / 17 / 0 / 14 / 15 / 6 / 71
Caenidae / Caenis sp. / GC / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 2 / 20
Heptageniidae / Campsoneuria sp. / SC / 5 / 15 / 4 / 23 / 20 / 6
Thalerosphyrus sp. / SC / 0 / 2 / 0 / 2 / 0 / 2
Leptophlebiidae / Habrophlebiodes sp. / SC / 12 / 6 / 0 / 5 / 11 / 5
Thraulus sp. / CF / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Ephemeridae / Ephemerasp. / CG / 10 / 0 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 0
Tricorythidae / Tricorythus sp.. / CG / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Oligoneuridae / Isonychia sp. / CF / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
PLECOPTERA / Perlidae / Ectrocorema sp. / P / 7 / 0 / 24 / 0 / 0 / 6
Neoperla sp. / P / 47 / 28 / 7 / 77 / 38 / 20
Kamimuria sp. / P / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 5
Nemouridae / Amphinemura sp. / SH / 1 / 1 / 0 / 11 / 1 / 3
Indonemoura sp. / SH / 0 / 0 / 2 / 0 / 0 / 5
Peltoperlidae / Cyrptoperla sp. / SH / 1 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 2
Leuctridae / Rhapalopsole sp. / SH / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0
TRICHOPTERA / Philopotamidae / Chimarra sp. / CF / 7 / 1 / 0 / 6 / 0 / 1
Hydropsychidae / Hydropsyche sp. / CF / 24 / 1 / 8 / 6 / 0 / 22
Diplectrona sp. / CF / 36 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Macrostemum sp. / CF / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0
Cheumatopsyche sp. / CF / 3 / 0 / 0 / 5 / 8 / 4
Ceratopsyche sp. / CF / 5 / 0 / 5 / 16 / 0 / 20
Hydromanicus sp. / CF / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 3
Calamoceratidae / Anisocentropus sp. / SH / 1 / 3 / 1 / 1 / 15 / 1
Lepidostomatidae / Lepidostoma sp. / SH / 1 / 2 / 4 / 10 / 3 / 3
Glassosotomatidae / Unknown species / SC / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
ODONATA / Amphiterygidae / Devadatta sp. / P / 5 / 8 / 7 / 6 / 14 / 5
Calopterygidae / Echo modesta / P / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 1
Vestalis sp. / P / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0
Gomphidae / Orientogomphus sp. / P / 0 / 2 / 1 / 8 / 22 / 1
Stylogomphus sp. / P / 1 / 0 / 0 / 3 / 1 / 0
Ophiogomphus sp. / P / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2 / 0
gomphid / P / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Plastystictidae / Drepanosticta sp. / P / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 1
Chlorogomphidae / Chlorogomphus sp. / P / 3 / 3 / 12 / 7 / 2 / 0
Sympetrum sp. / P / 2 / 0 / 1 / 3 / 8 / 0
MEGALOPTERA / Corydalidae / Protohermes sp. / P / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
HEMIPTERA / Gerridae / Metrocoris sp. / P / 5 / 0 / 0 / 3 / 2 / 0
Potamometropsis sp. / P / 0 / 3 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Ventidius sp. / P / 1 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0
Ptilomera sp. / P / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 3
Pleciobates sp.? / P / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Amemboa sp. / P / 1 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 3 / 1
Ventidius sp. / P / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Onychotrechus sp. / P / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2 / 5 / 0
Helotrephidae / Helotrephes sp. / P / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Veliidae / Rhagovellia sp. / P / 0 / 0 / 1 / 7 / 5 / 2
Entomovelis sp. / P / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 3
Naucoridae / Unknown species / P / 0 / 2 / 0 / 12 / 0 / 0
Ctenipocoris sp. / P / 0 / 2 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Nepidae / Cercotmetus sp. / P / 0 / 0 / 0 / 3 / 1 / 0
Hebridae / Timasius sp. / P / 2 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
COLEOPTERA / Eulichadidae / Eulichas sp. / P / 3 / 13 / 1 / 2 / 2 / 7
Elmidae / Zaitzevia sp. / CG / 7 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Potamophilinus sp. / CG / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Grouvellinus sp. / P / 0 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 2
Hydrophilidae / Unknown species / CG / 8 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Pelthydrus sp. / CG / 5 / 0 / 17 / 2 / 3 / 2
Berosus sp. / CG / 2 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Dryopidae / Elmomorphus sp. / SH / 2 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 2
Unknown species / SH / 1 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0
Gyrinidae / Orectochilus sp. / P / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 0
Scirtidae / Unknown species / CG / 1 / 3 / 0 / 0 / 7 / 1
Psephenidae / Unknown species / SC / 2 / 0 / 4 / 0 / 1 / 0
Dytiscidae / Unknown species / P / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Noteridae / Unknown species / P / 2 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
DIPTERA / Tipulidae / Tipula sp. / SH / 13 / 8 / 8 / 3 / 11 / 6
Chironomidae (Tanytarsini) / Unknown species / CG / 4 / 3 / 3 / 0 / 3 / 12
Arthericidae / Unknown species / P / 4 / 1 / 9 / 1 / 2 / 5
Simuliidae / Simulium sp. / CF / 40 / 17 / 10 / 26 / 3 / 39
Tabanidae / Unknown species / P / 3 / 3 / 65 / 2 / 15 / 4
Tanyderidae / Unknown species / CG / 2 / 0 / 2 / 0 / 7 / 1
Blephariceridae / Unknown species / SC / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0
Psychodidae / Unknown species / CG / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0
Dixidae / Unknown species / CG / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0
LEPIDOPTERA / Pyralidae / Pyaralsp. / SH / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
BLATTARIA / Blattidae / Unknown species / SH / 4 / 3 / 3 / 0 / 9 / 0
TOTAL / 338 / 170 / 239 / 288 / 292 / 308

Hulu Gombak, Malaysia

Order / Family / Genus / FFG / HG1 / HG2 / HG3 / HG4 / HG5 / HG6
EPHEMEROPTERA / Baetidae / Baetis sp. / CG / 14 / 39 / 24 / 18 / 70 / 25
Caenidae / Caenis sp. / CG / 0 / 18 / 0 / 6 / 7 / 0
Heptagenia sp? / SC / 12 / 22 / 17 / 18 / 18 / 40
Epeorus sp. / SC / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Leptophlebiidae / Habrophlebiodes sp. / SC / 8 / 21 / 5 / 30 / 29 / 0
Thraulus sp. / CG / 0 / 3 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Ephemeridae / Ephemera sp. / CG / 6 / 1 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 0
Tricorythidae / Tricorythus sp. / CG / 0 / 5 / 0 / 0 / 2 / 0
Oligoneuridae / Isonychia sp. / CF / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0
Prosopistomatidae / Unknown species / CF / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0
PLECOPTERA / Perlidae / Ectrocorema sp. / P / 55 / 40 / 2 / 15 / 71 / 3
Neoperla sp. / P / 7 / 24 / 33 / 30 / 21 / 3
Phanoperla sp. / P / 0 / 2 / 0 / 0 / 9 / 0
Nemouridae / Amphinemura sp. / SH / 0 / 14 / 9 / 7 / 9 / 8
Indonemourasp. / SH / 1 / 9 / 0 / 2 / 14 / 3
Peltoperlidae / Peltoperlopsissp. / P / 16 / 44 / 0 / 8 / 35 / 0
Leuctridae / Rhapalopsole sp. / P / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0
TRICHOPTERA / Philopotamidae / Chimarra sp. / CF / 17 / 1 / 0 / 44 / 22 / 4
Helicopsychidae / Helicopsyche sp. / CF / 11 / 2 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 0
Hydropsychidae / Hydropsyche sp. / CF / 8 / 32 / 14 / 2 / 60 / 21
Hydromanicus sp. / CF / 23 / 27 / 14 / 23 / 10 / 0
Calamoceratidae / Anisocentropus sp. / SH / 0 / 4 / 0 / 5 / 0 / 5
Ganonema sp. / SH / 0 / 2 / 0 / 3 / 1 / 0
Lepidostomatidae / Lepidostoma sp. / SH / 0 / 3 / 5 / 0 / 1 / 12
Leptoceridae / Symphitoneura sp. / SH / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0
Setodes sp. / SH / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 4 / 0
Triaenodes sp. / SH / 0 / 2 / 0 / 2 / 11 / 0
Xiphocentronidae / Unknown species / CG / 0 / 2 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
ODONATA / Amphiterygidae / Devadatta sp. / P / 8 / 10 / 1 / 5 / 10 / 8
Calopterygidae / Echo modesta / P / 0 / 3 / 0 / 5 / 0 / 5
Vestalis sp. / P / 0 / 5 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Gomphidae / Stylogomphus sp. / P / 0 / 0 / 2 / 0 / 0 / 0
Ophiogomphus sp. / P / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 1
Plastystictidae / Drepanosticta sp. / P / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0
Chlorogomphidae / Chlorogomphus sp. / P / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0
Libellulidae / Zygonyx iris / P / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 7 / 0
Bayadera sp. / P / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 6 / 0
Chrocyphidae / Libellago sp. / P / 0 / 8 / 0 / 0 / 2 / 0
Rhinocypha sp. / P / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Aeshnidae / Gynacantha sp. / P / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Corduliidae / Macromia sp. / P / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0
Pleciobates sp. / P / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 2
Helotrephidae / Helotrephes sp. / P / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0
Microveliasp. / P / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0
Corixidae / Micronecta sp. / P / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0
Hebridae? / Timasius sp. / P / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0
COLEOPTERA / Elmidae / Potamophilinus sp. / CG / 4 / 3 / 1 / 2 / 4 / 0
Grouvellinus sp. / CG / 7 / 0 / 2 / 1 / 2 / 0
Unknown species / SC / 0 / 4 / 0 / 2 / 4 / 0
Ordobreviasp. / SC / 0 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 11 / 0
Hydrophilidae / Sphaeridiinae / P / 0 / 4 / 0 / 11 / 4 / 1
Dryopidae / Elmomorphus sp. / P / 2 / 3 / 0 / 0 / 4 / 0
Unknown species / P / 4 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 8 / 0
Gyrinidae / Orectochilus sp. / P / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 1
Haliphilidae / Unknown species / CG / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0
Hydraenidae / Limnebius sp. / CG / 1 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 0
Scarabaeidae / Phyllophaga sp. / CG / 6 / 1 / 0 / 3 / 4 / 1
Psephenidae / Unknown species / CG / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 2 / 0
Noteridae / Unknown species / CG / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0
Ceratopogonidae / Bezzia sp. / CG / 5 / 7 / 12 / 9 / 20 / 6
Chironomidae
(Tanytarsini) / Unknown species / CG / 0 / 4 / 1 / 2 / 0 / 8
Arthericidae / Unknown species / CG / 8 / 8 / 1 / 19 / 7 / 0
Simuliidae / Simulium sp. / CF / 7 / 16 / 17 / 14 / 97 / 46
Tanyderidae / Unknown species / CG / 13 / 1 / 3 / 0 / 0 / 0
Psychodidae / Unknown species / CG / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Paracymiriza sp. / CG / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Unknown species / CG / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 1
BLATTARIA / Blattidae / Unknown species / SH / 12 / 3 / 11 / 29 / 4 / 12
TOTAL / 294 / 425 / 214 / 347 / 608 / 234

Gunung Angsi, Malaysia

Order / Family / Genus / FFG / GA1 / GA2 / GA3 / GA4 / GA5
EPHEMEROPTERA / Baetidae / Baetis sp. / CG / 5 / 8 / 10 / 26 / 28
Caenidae / Caenis sp. / CG / 0 / 0 / 0 / 4 / 5
Heptageniidae / Campsoneuria sp. / CG / 8 / 10 / 26 / 18 / 24
Epeorus sp. / SC / 1 / 0 / 0 / 9 / 21
Leptophlebiidae / Habrophlebiodes sp. / SC / 0 / 4 / 17 / 8 / 7
Ephemeridae / Ephemera sp. / CG / 1 / 6 / 0 / 1 / 1
Tricorythidae / Tricorythus sp. / CG / 0 / 0 / 1 / 3 / 3
PLECOPTERA / Perlidae / Ectrocorema sp. / P / 15 / 13 / 7 / 12 / 42
Neoperla sp. / P / 10 / 12 / 24 / 10 / 0
Nemouridae / Amphinemura sp. / SH / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0
Peltoperlidae / Cyrptoperla sp. / SH / 5 / 0 / 1 / 3 / 21
TRICHOPTERA / Philopotamidae / Chimarra sp. / CF / 0 / 19 / 23 / 1 / 11
Hydropsychidae / Hydropsyche sp. / CF / 36 / 3 / 7 / 64 / 59
Cheumatopsyche sp. / CF / 16 / 58 / 14 / 12 / 0
Calamoceratidae / Anisocentropus sp. / CF / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0
Lepidostomatidae / Lepidostoma sp. / SH / 1 / 5 / 5 / 1 / 5
ODONATA / Amphiterygidae / Devadatta sp. / P / 3 / 3 / 6 / 2 / 1
Calopterygidae / Echo modesta / P / 3 / 2 / 4 / 0 / 0
Stylogomphus sp. / P / 1 / 1 / 0 / 2 / 0
Chlorogomphidae / Chlorogomphus sp. / P / 4 / 8 / 3 / 1 / 2
Libellulidae / Zygonyx iris / P / 1 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 0
Euphaeidae / Euphaea sp. / P / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0
Aeshnidae / Gynacatha sp. / P / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0
HEMIPTERA / Gerridae / Metrocoris sp. / P / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 4
Ventidius sp. / P / 2 / 3 / 0 / 0 / 1
Ptilomera sp. / P / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 2
Pleciobates sp.? / P / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Veliidae / Rhagovellia sp. / P / 1 / 2 / 2 / 11 / 14
Entomovelis sp. / P / 0 / 4 / 1 / 0 / 2
COLEOPTERA / Eulichadidae / Eulichas sp. / SC / 1 / 0 / 7 / 2 / 2
Unknown species / SC / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 5
Hydrophilidae / Unknown species / P / 7 / 2 / 2 / 8 / 8
Dryopidae / Elmomorphus sp. / SC / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2
Unknown species / SC / 1 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0
Gyrinidae / Orectochilus sp. / P / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0
Unknown species / P / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0
Scirtidae / Unknown species / SC / 0 / 0 / 1 / 2 / 0
Psephenidae / Unknown species / SC / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Eubrianax sp. / SC / 6 / 0 / 5 / 1 / 2
DIPTERA / Tipulidae / Tipula sp. / SH / 3 / 2 / 30 / 4 / 3
Ceratopogonidae / Bezzia sp. / CG / 0 / 3 / 5 / 0 / 4
Chironomidae
(Tanytarsini) / Unknown species / CG / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 1
Arthericidae / Unknown species / P / 7 / 6 / 3 / 0 / 6
Simuliidae / Simulium sp. / CF / 15 / 4 / 14 / 121 / 32
Tabanidae / Unknown species / P / 0 / 4 / 0 / 0 / 1
Tanyderidae / Unknown species / CG / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Blephariceridae / Unknown species / SC / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Dixidae / Unknown species / CG / 1 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 0
LEPIDOPTERA / Pyralidae / Parapoynx sp. / SH / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0
Paracymiriza sp. / SH / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0
BLATTARIA / Blattidae / Unknown species / SH / 7 / 13 / 7 / 1 / 14
TOTAL / 188 / 242 / 268 / 357 / 377

Table S2: Species turnover expressed as Sorensen’s similarity index (C) of aquatic insects in the unfragmented river basin of Berembun (BR1-BR6), fragmented river basin of Angsi due to oil palm plantations (GA1-GA5) and fragmented River basin due to highway networks of Hulu Gombak (HG1-HG6). The threshold level is 0.600(P<0.05).

BR1 / BR2 / BR3 / BR4 / BR5 / BR6 / GA1 / GA2 / GA3 / GA4 / GA5 / HG1 / HG2 / HG3 / HG4 / HG5
BR1
BR2 / 0.694
BR3 / 0.675 / 0.600
BR4 / 0.649 / 0.659 / 0.594
BR5 / 0.667 / 0.533 / 0.648 / 0.676
BR6 / 0.644 / 0.664 / 0.622 / 0.622 / 0.668
GA1 / 0.592 / 0.435 / 0.546 / 0.515 / 0.556 / 0.480
GA2 / 0.530 / 0.469 / 0.400 / 0.567 / 0.567 / 0.514 / 0.689
GA3 / 0.587 / 0.485 / 0.516 / 0.516 / 0.464 / 0.583 / 0.698 / 0.390
GA4 / 0.590 / 0.464 / 0.492 / 0.523 / 0.556 / 0.533 / 0.527 / 0.590 / 0.330
GA5 / 0.501 / 0.507 / 0.597 / 0.507 / 0.514 / 0.571 / 0.576 / 0.667 / 0.477 / 0.676
HG1 / 0.513 / 0.515 / 0.613 / 0.484 / 0.493 / 0.528 / 0.603 / 0.517 / 0.400 / 0.571 / 0.615
HG2 / 0.502 / 0.524 / 0.525 / 0.450 / 0.483 / 0.556 / 0.642 / 0.474 / 0.590 / 0.617 / 0.627 / 0.667
HG3 / 0.522 / 0.533 / 0.643 / 0.607 / 0.540 / 0.576 / 0.526 / 0.577 / 0.556 / 0.561 / 0.576 / 0.630 / 0.528
HG4 / 0.575 / 0.513 / 0.541 / 0.432 / 0.494 / 0.548 / 0.533 / 0.543 / 0.528 / 0.560 / 0.494 / 0.694 / 0.689 / 0.545
HG5 / 0.523 / 0.506 / 0.507 / 0.427 / 0.415 / 0.518 / 0.579 / 0.451 / 0.575 / 0.632 / 0.590 / 0.685 / 0.791 / 0.537 / 0.706
HG6 / 0.507 / 0.517 / 0.519 / 0.444 / 0.459 / 0.500 / 0.509 / 0.600 / 0.538 / 0.545 / 0.456 / 0.500 / 0.543 / 0.522 / 0.625 / 0.523