Latin 1 Ecce Romani Grammar CARDS, page 5
CH. 5 GRAMMAR INFO
InfinitiveCh. 5 & p. 57 & Ch. 10 / 1. the most basic part of a verb from which we can identify:
a. the conjugation number of a verb (Ch. 10)
b. the base or stem of a verb (page 57)
2. Ending is –re [amāre, vidēre, currere, dormīre] and is translated by “to” in English.
Complementary Infinitive
Ch. 5 / 1. The infinitive which “completes” or finishes the verbal idea of certain main verbs: potest, timet, vult, parat.
2. We use the same construction in English:
The girl wants to climb the tree. --> to climb completes the idea of what the girls wants.
Verb Conjugations
Ch. 5 and 10 / o Most verbs belong to one of 4 groups or conjugations
o You can identify the conjugation of a verb by looking at its infinitive
Infinitives by conjugation
Ch. 10 / Infinitive Pattern / example
1st Conjugation / -āre / amāre = to love
2nd Conjugation / -ēre / rīdēre = to laugh
3rd Conjugation / -ere / ludere = to play
4th Conjugation / -īre / exīre = to go out
-re (verb ending)
Ch. 5 / Translation: “to (verb)”
Person: none
Number: none
[vocāre = to call, vidēre = to see, currere = to run, dormīre = to sleep]
-ō (verb ending)
Ch. 5 & 8 / Translation: “I” ; Person: 1st; Number: Sing.
-s (verb ending)
Ch. 5 & 8 / Translation: “you”; Person: 2nd ; Number: Sing.
CH. 6 GRAMMAR INFO
Impersonal verbsCh. 6 / 1. These verbs are called “impersonal” because they never have a real person as the subject, and must be translated with “it” [necesse est = it is necessary; lucet = it is shining; licet = it is permitted]
2. These verbs often have a complementary infinitive (see ch. 5)
Gender
Ch. 6 / Nouns can be feminine (F), masculine (M), or neuter (N). When learning the vocabulary for a noun, also learn its gender.
Adjective
Ch. 1/ Ch. 6 / 1. a word that describes/modifies a noun in terms of quality or quantity [EXAMPLES: tall, funny, new, loud, scary, many, few, 2, 11th, several]
2. adjectives use same Latin endings as nouns (declensions), with a few exceptions
Number
Ch. 3 / Singular or PLURAL
o # applies to nouns, adjectives & verbs
o Singular = one (person)
o Plural = 2 or more
The RULE of the 3 ways that adjectives must agree with the nouns they describe: / The ending of an adjective must be the same as the noun it describes in 3 ways, in …
(1) Gender (feminine, masculine, neuter)
(2) Number (singular or plural)
(3) Case (subject, direct object, etc.)
*Note: this does not mean that nouns and adjectives always have the same endings. (see exercize 6c)
CH. 7 GRAMMAR INFO
-ās (a noun/adjective ending)[aquās, puellās, ancillās, piscīnās, epistulās, vīllās] Ch. 7 / o feminine
o PLURAL
o direct object/motion towards (accusative)
o 1st Declension
-ōs
[servōs, puerōs, agrōs, lupōs]
Ch. 7 / o masculine
o PLURAL
o direct object/motion towards (accusative)
o 2nd Declension
-ēs
[vocēs, clamorēs, matrēs, patrēs]
Ch. 7 / o either feminine or masculine
o PLURAL
o (1) subject; (2) direct object/motion towards [context will help with use]
o 3rd Declension
Declension
Ch. 7 / 1. a system or pattern of noun (and adjective) endings
2. there are 5 declensions in Latin
3. a noun belongs to one (and only one) declension
Endings that should be known at this point in the course!!! (see chart on page 41)
Ch. 7 / 1st Decl. / 2nd Decl / 3rd Decl.
Nom S / -a / -us/-er / varies
Acc S / -am / -um / -em
Nom Pl / -ae / -ī / -ēs
Acc Pl / -ās / -ōs / -ēs
1st Declension (Card 1)
Ch. 7 / 1. mostly feminine nouns whose subject ends in –a [examples: aqua, puella, ancilla, piscīna, epistula, vīlla]
2nd Declension (Card 1)
Ch. 7 / 1. masculine nouns
a. –us type [servus, hortus, lupus, Marcus]
b. –er type [puer, ager, caper, etc.]
c. –ir type [vir]
2. neuter nouns [saxum, baculum]
3rd Declension (Card 1)
Ch. 7 / -all three genders:
1. feminine nouns [mater, arbor, vox, pax]
2. masculine nouns [pater, clamor, fragor]
3. neuter nouns [iter, onus, corpus, caput]
o if there is an adjective describing a 3rd declension noun, that may help identifying the gender of a 3rd decl. noun:
[magna vox --> magna is F, so vox is a feminine noun] – see page 43.
Case / a distinct ending of a noun or adjective that is used to express its grammatical role in a sentence
Nominative Case
Ch. 7 / -the nominative ending is primarily used for (1) the subject(s) of a sentence, and (2) the complement of a linking verb
Accusative Case
Ch. 7 / -the accusative case ending is used primarily for (1) the direct object of the sentence, and (2) the object of motion towards, aka Place to Which
-there are other uses of this case to be learned later
Special Translations for each Latin case
To be studied formally later / CASE / Special Translations
Nominative / ------
Genitive / of, ’s, s’
Dative / (to/for)
Accusative / ------
Ablative / with, from, by, in (WFBI)
Vocative / ------/ [O...!, Hey...!]
The Complete patterns of noun declensions for the 1st 3 declensions
[SINGULAR ONLY]
To be studied formally later / SINGULAR / 1st Declension / 2nd Declension / 3rd Declension
Nominative / -a / -us/-ius/
-er/-ir / varies
Genitive / -ae / -ī / -is
Dative / -ae / -ō / -ī
Accusative / -am / -um / -em
Ablative / -ā / -ō / -e
Vocative / -a / -e/-ī/
-er/-ir / = nomin-ative singular
The Complete patterns of noun declensions for the 1st 3 declensions
[PLURAL ONLY]
To be studied formally later / PLURAL / 1st Declension / 2nd Declension / 3rd Declension
Nominative / -ae / - ī / -ēs
Genitive / -ārum / -ōrum / -um
Dative / -īs / - īs / -ibus
Accusative / -ās / -ōs / -ēs
Ablative / -īs / - īs / -ibus
Vocative / -ae / - ī / -ēs
Sample 1st Declension Noun Singular
SINGULAR / LATIN / ENGLISH
Nominative / rāna / the frog
Genitive / rānae / (1) of the frog, (2) the frog’s
Dative / rānae / (to/for) the frog
Accusative / rānam / the frog
Ablative / rānā / with/from/by/
in the frog
Vocative / rāna / (Hey) frog (!)
To be studied formally later / Sample 1st Declension Noun Plural
PLURAL / LATIN / English
Nominative / rānae / the frogs
Genitive / rānārum / (1) of the frogs, (2) the frogs’
Dative / rānīs / (to/for) the frogs
Accusative / rānās / the frogs
Ablative / rānīs / with/from/by/
in the frogs
Vocative / rānae / (Hey) frogs (!)
Sample 2nd Declension Noun Singular
SINGULAR / LATIN / ENGLISH
Nominative / lupus / the wolf
Genitive / lupī / (1) of the wolf, (2) the wolf’s
Dative / lupō / (to/for) the wolf
Accusative / lupum / the wolf
Ablative / lupō / with/from/by/
in the wolf
Vocative / lupe / (Hey) wolf (!)
To be studied formally later / Sample 2nd Declension Noun Plural
PLURAL / LATIN / English
Nominative / lupī / the wolves
Genitive / lupōrum / (1) of the wolves, (2) the wolves’
Dative / lupīs / (to/for) the wolves
Accusative / lupōs / the wolves
Ablative / lupīs / with/from/by/
in the wolves
Vocative / lupī / (Hey) wolves (!)
Sample 3rd Declension Noun Singular
SINGULAR / LATIN / ENGLISH
Nominative / rex / the king
Genitive / regis / (1) of the king, (2) the king’s
Dative / regī / (to/for) the king
Accusative / regem / the king
Ablative / rege / with/from/by/
in the king
Vocative / rex / (O) king (!)
To be studied formally later / Sample 3rd Declension Noun Plural
PLURAL / LATIN / English
Nominative / regēs / the kings
Genitive / regum / (1) of the kings, (2) the kings’
Dative / regibus / (to/for) the kings
Accusative / regēs / the kings
Ablative / regibus / with/from/by/
in the kings
Vocative / regēs / (Hey) kings (!)
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