METHODS IN HIV/STI EPIDEMIOLOGY- EPI 232

Pub Hlt 61-235

Tuesday 3-5pm

Prof Pamina M. Gorbach

(Total 20 hours lecture)

CONTENT

This course introduces epidemiology students to a range of different methodologies used to collect data and conduct analysis on STI/HIV epidemiology topics. These include methods that produce quantitative data (i.e. special surveys, clinic and hospital-based data, computer-assisted survey interviewing) and methods that produce qualitative data (e.g. ethnographic interviews, focus groups, systematic observations). The emphasis is on instructing students on the use of methods appropriate for challenging and sensitive research topics such as sexual behavior, drug use, andsexual abuse.

METHODS OF INSTRUCTION

Most of the instruction is lectures given by Dr. Pamina Gorbach, Associate Professor in the Department of Epidemiology. There will be a few guest lecturers who are experts in different methodologies. A portion of each class will be reserved for discussion of the readings and lectures.

ASSESSMENT

  • Oral review of article – Each student will review an article from the list in the syllabus of discussion papers and make a 10 minute presentation to the class of: a summary of the article, methods used, and strengths and weaknesses with the approach or study presented. The student will be prepared to describe the study orally to the class (10 minutes).

Students sign up on the first day of class for one reading from the “For Discussion” part of the syllabus to review. Readings can be obtained online from the library, from the class website, or by contacting Dr. Gorbach.

  • Mid-term Take Home Exam – Public Use Dataset Assignment
  • Final exam –in class written exam – open book. The exam will review reproductive epidemiology methodologies covered in class and be open ended responses. Material will cover both readings assigned and those discussed in class.
  • Grading is distributed as follows: 20% for presentation of article, 30% for midterm, 50% for final exam.

PREREQUISITE

Epidemiology 100, 200

COURSE OUTLINE: March31-June 2nd

Tuesday 3-5pm

Methods in HIV/STD Research

Topic
Week 1: 3/31
Class Introduction
Review of standard methods in STI/HIV epidemiology and traditional sources of data
Choose review article
Week 2: - 4/7
Sampling – household surveys, PLACE and Capture/recapture
Week 3: 4/14
Respondent Driven Sampling
Week 4: 4/21
Sampling special populations: Venue based sampling
Dr. Trista Bingham, LAC HIV Epidemiology Program
Week 5: 4/28Mid Term distributed
Clinic populations: STD, HIV, and family planning clinics: Working in clinical settings, selecting control groups, data quality, biases, clinical records.
Lisa Manhart – University of Washington, Seattle
Week 6: 5/5 – Mid term due
Writing Surveys and Measurement Issues in Questionnaire Design
Week 7: 5/12
Integrated surveys: collecting specimens in the field, combined biomedical and behavioral surveillance approaches. Dr.Nina Harawa – Drew University.
Week 8: 5/19
Interviewing special populations on special topics: Asking sensitive questions – use of ACASI, web interviewing, IVR
Week 9: 5/26
Qualitative Research – approaches and applications in STI/HIV research
Week 10: 6/2
Final Exam:
In class

*Required Readings - do not choose for class review

Class 2:Sampling special populations – Household surveys, PLACE, Capture/Recapture

*Behavioral Surveillance Surveys (BSS): Guidelines for Repeated Behavioral Surveys in Populations at Risk for HIV. Chapter 4: Sampling Approaches.

*Weir SS, Tate JE, Zhusupov B, Boerma JT. Where the action is: monitoring local trends in sexual behaviour.Sex Transm Infect. 2004 Dec;80 Suppl 2:ii63-8.

For Discussion

  1. Semaan S; Lauby J; Liebman J. Street and Network Sampling in Evaluation Studies of HIV Risk-Reduction Interventions. AIDS Rev 2002; 4:213-223.
  1. do Espirito Santo MEG & Etheredge GD. How to reach clients of female sex workers: a survey ‘‘by surprise’’ in brothels in Dakar, Senegal. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2002;80:709-713.
  1. Kruse N, Behets FM.-T. F, Vaovola G, Burkhardt G, Barivelo T, Amida X, Dallabetta G. Participatory Mapping of Sex Trade and Enumeration of Sex Workers Using Capture–Recapture Methodology in Diego-Suarez, Madagascar. Sex Transm Dis, 2003: August 30(8): 664-670.
  1. Geibel S, van der Elst EM, King’ola N, Luchters S, Davies A,Getambu EM, et al. ‘Are you on the market?’: a capture–recapture enumeration of men who sell sex to men in andaround Mombasa, Kenya. AIDS 2007; 21:1349–1354.

CLASS 3:Respondent Driven Sampling

*Thompson SK, Collins LM. Adaptive sampling in research on risk-related behaviors. Drug Alcohol Depend 2002 Nov;68 Suppl 1:S57-67

*Martin JL, Wiley J, & Osmond D. Social networks and unobserved heterogeneity in risk for AIDS. Population Research and Policy Review 22: 65–90, 2003.

*Abdul-Quader AS, Heckathorn DD, Sabin K, Saidel T. Implementation and analysis of respondent driven sampling: lessons learned from the field. J Urban Health. 2006 Nov;83(6 Suppl):i1-5.

*Heimer R. Critical Issues and Further Questions AboutRespondent-Driven Sampling: Comment onRamirez-Valles, et al. (2005)AIDS and Behavior, Vol. 9, No. 4, December 2005

For Discussion

  1. Frost SD, Brouwer KC, Firestone Cruz MA, Ramos R, Ramos ME, Lozada RM, Magis-Rodriguez C, Strathdee SA.Respondent-driven sampling of injection drug users in two U.S.-Mexico border cities: recruitment dynamics and impact on estimates of HIV and syphilis prevalence. J Urban Health. 2006 Nov;83(6 Suppl):i83-97.
  1. Johnston LG, Sabin K, Mai TH, Pham TH. Assessment of respondent driven sampling for recruiting female sex workers in two Vietnamese cities: reaching the unseen sex worker. J Urban Health. 2006 Nov;83(6 Suppl):i16-28.
  1. Scott G. They got their program, and I got mine”: A cautionary tale concerning the ethical implications of using respondent-driven sampling to study injection drug users. International Journal of Drug Policy 19 (2008) 42–51
  1. Ramirez-Valles, J., Heckathorn, D.D., V´azquez, R., Diaz, R., and Campbell, R. T. (2005). From networks to populations:The development and application of respondent-driven sampling among IDUs and Latino gay men. AIDS and Behavior.
  1. Carlson RG; Wang J; Siegal HA; Falck RS; Guo J. An Ethnographic Approach to Targeted Sampling: Problems and Solutions in AIDS Prevention Research among Injection Drug and Crack-Cocaine Users. Human Organization 1994, 53(3): 279-286.
  1. Marks G, Millett GA, Bingham T, Bond L, Lauby J, Liau A, Murrill CS, Stueve A. Understanding Differences in HIV Sexual Transmission among Latino and Black Men who have Sex with Men: The Brothers y Hermanos Study. AIDS Behav. 2008 Aug 28.

Week 4: Venue Based Sampling – LA Men’s Survey

*Muhib FB, Lin LS, Stueve A, Miller RL, Ford WL, Johnson WD, Smith PJ; Community Intervention Trial for Youth Study Team. A venue-based method for sampling hard-to-reach populations. Public Health Rep 2001;116 Suppl 1:216-22

*Weinbaum CM, Lyerla R, Mackellar DA, Valleroy LA, Secura GM, Behel SK, Bingham T, Celentano DD, Koblin BA, Lalota M, Shehan DA, Thiede H, Torian LV; Young Men's Survey Study Group. The Young Men's Survey phase II: hepatitis B immunization and infection among young men who have sex with men. Am J Public Health. 2008 May;98(5):839-45. Epub 2008 Apr 1

Class 5: Clinic populations: STD, HIV, and family planning clinics

*Manhart LE, Aral SO, Holmes KK, Critchlow CW, Hughes JP, Whittington WL, Foxman B. Influence of study population on the identification of risk factors for sexually transmitted diseases using a case-control design: the example of gonorrhea. Am J Epidemiol. 2004 Aug 15;160(4):393-402.

For Discussion

  1. Saphonn V, Hor LB, Ly SP, Chhuon S, Saidel T, Detels R. How well do antenatal clinic (ANC) attendees represent the general population? A comparison of HIV prevalence from ANC sentinel surveillance sites with a population-based survey of women aged 15-49 in Cambodia. Int J Epidemiol 2002 Apr;31(2):449-55.
  1. Howards PP; Thomas JC; Earp JA. Do clinic-based STD data reflect community patterns? International Journal of STD & AIDS 2002; 13:775-780.
  1. Burstein GR, Lowry R, Klein JD, Santelli JS. Missed opportunities for sexually transmitted diseases, human immunodeficiency virus, and pregnancy prevention services during adolescent health supervision visits. Pediatrics. 2003 May;111(5 Pt 1):996-1001
  1. Harawa NT, Douglas J, McFarland W, Thiede H, Kellogg TA, Vorhees K, Donovan KM, Bingham TA. Trends in HIV prevalence among public sexually transmitted disease clinic attendees in the Western region of the United States (1989-1999). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004 Sep 1;37(1):1206-15.

Class 6: Questionnaire Design and Key Measures

Drennan J. Cognitive interviewing: verbal data in the design and pretesting of questionnaires. J Adv Nurs. 2003 Apr;42(1):57-63.

Johnson TP, Cho YI, Holbrook AL, O'Rourke D, Warnecke RB, Chavez N. Cultural variability in the effects of question design features on respondent comprehension of health surveys. Ann Epidemiol. 2006 Sep;16(9):661-8. Epub 2006 Feb 10.

Warnecke RB, Johnson TP, Chávez N, Sudman S, O'Rourke DP, Lacey L, Horm J. Improving question wording in surveys of culturally diverse populations. Ann Epidemiol. 1997 Jul;7(5):334-42.

For Discussion

  1. Collins D. Pretesting survey instruments: an overview of cognitive methods. Qual Life Res. 2003 May;12(3):229-38.
  1. Bradburn, N. M., Rips, L. J., & Shevell, S. K. Answering autobiographical questions: The impact of memory and inference on surveys. 1987, Science, 236, 157–161.
  1. Huttenlocher J, Hedges LV, Bradburn NM. Reports of elapsed time: bounding and rounding processes in estimation. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 1990 Mar;16(2):196-213.
  1. Tourangeau R, Yan T. Sensitive questions in surveys. Psychol Bull. 2007 Sep;133(5):859-83.
  1. Johnson T, Fendrich M. Modeling sources of self-report bias in a survey of drug use epidemiology. Ann Epidemiol. 2005 May;15(5):381-9.
  1. Jaccard J, Mcdonald R, Wan Ck, Guilamo-Ramos V, Dittus P, & Quinlan S. Recalling Sexual Partners: The Accuracy of Self-reports. Journal of Health Psychology 2004, 9(6) 699–712
  1. Brewer DD, Rothenberg RB, Muth SQ, Roberts, Jr. JM, and Potterat JJ. Agreement In Reported Sexual Partnership Dates and Implications for Measuring Concurrency. Sex Trans Dis, May 2006, Vol. 33, No. 5, p.277–283.
  1. Rawlings MK, Graff R, Calderon R, Casey-Bailey S, Pasley MV. Differences in Perceptions of What Constitutes Having “Had Sex” in a Population of People Living with HIV/AIDS. Journal Of The National Medical Association June 2006, 98(6): 845-850,
  1. McAuliffe TL, DiFranceisco W, Reed BR. Effects of question format and collection mode on the accuracy of retrospective surveys of health risk behavior: a comparison with daily sexual activity diaries. Health Psychol. 2007 Jan;26(1):60-7.

Week 7: Integrated Studies

*Aral, Sevgi O. Peterman, Thomas A. Editorial: A Stratified Approach to Untangling the Behavioral/Biomedical Outcomes Conundrum. STD September 2002, Volume 29, Issue 9: 530.

*Boerma JT, Weir SS. Integrating demographic and epidemiological approaches to research on HIV/AIDS: the proximate-determinants framework. J Infect Dis. 2005 Feb 1;191 Suppl 1:S61-7.

*Ross MW, Berman SM, Aral SO, Courtney PE, Dennison JM, Klovdahl AS, Williams ML, St Lawrence JS. Process, efficacy and sample demographics of three approaches to behavioural surveillance for gonorrhoea: case interviews, place surveys, and network studies. Int J STD AIDS. 2007 Dec;18(12):846-50.

For Discussion

  1. Hewett PC, Mensch BS, Ribeiro MC, Jones HE, Lippman SA, Montgomery MR, van de Wijgert JH.Using sexually transmitted infection biomarkers to validate reporting of sexual behavior within a randomized, experimental evaluation of interviewing methods. Am J Epidemiol. 2008 Jul 15;168(2):202-11.
  1. Baganizi E, MacLachlan E, Maiga O, Bougoudogo F, Castle S, Gorbach P, Parker K, Ryan C. The feasibility of integrated STI prevalence and behavioral surveys in developing countries. Sex Transm Infect 2002; 78: 187-189.
  1. Moss W, Bentley M, Maman S, et al.: Foundations for effective strategies to control sexually transmitted infections: voices from rural Kenya. AIDS Care 1999; 11(1): 95-113.
  1. Allen DR, Carey, JW, Manopaiboon C, Jenkins RA, Uthaivoravit W, Kilmarx PH, van Griensven F. Sexual Health Risks Among Young Thai Women: Implications for HIV/STD Prevention and Contraception. AIDS and Behavior, 2003: 7(1), March: 9-21.
  1. Brückner H, and Bearman P. After the promise: the STD consequences of adolescent virginity pledges. Journal of Adolescent Health 36 (2005) 271–278Class 8: Reaching & Keeping Study Populations – study recruitment, outreach and followup approaches

Class 8 - Interviewing special populations on special topics

*Newman, JC; Des Jarlais, DC; Turner CF. The Differential Effects of Face to Face and Computer Interview Modes. AJPH 2002 92(2): 294-297.

*NIMH Collaborative HIV/STD Prevention Trial Group. The feasibility of audio computer-assisted self-interviewing in international settings. AIDS 2007, 21 (suppl 2):S49–S58.

*Corkrey R and Parkinson L. Interactive voice response: Review of studies 1989–2000.Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 2002, 34 (3), 342-353.

For Discussion

  1. Mensch BS, Hewett PC, Gregory R, Helleringer S.Sexual behavior and STI/HIV status among adolescents in rural Malawi: an evaluation of the effect of interview mode on reporting.Stud Fam Plann. 2008 Dec;39(4):321-34.
  1. Minnis AM, Muchini A, Shiboski S, Mwale M, Morrison C, Chipato T, Padian NS. Audio computer-assisted self-interviewing in reproductive health research: reliability assessment among women in Harare, Zimbabwe. Contraception. 2007 Jan;75(1):59-65
  2. Bancroft J, Loftus J, Long JS.Distress about sex: a national survey of women in heterosexual relationships. Arch Sex Behav. 2003 Jun;32(3):193-208.
  1. Rhodes KV, Lauderdale DS, He T, Howes DS, Levinson W. "Between me and the computer": Increased detection of intimate partner violence using a computer questionnaire. ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE. 40 (5): 476-484 NOV 2002
  1. Baer A, Saroiu S, Koutsky LA. Obtaining sensitive data through the Web: An example of design and methods. EPIDEMIOLOGY. 13 (6): 640-645 NOV 2002
  1. Gregson S, Zhuwau T, Ndlovu J, Nyamukapa CA. Methods to reduce social desirability bias in sex surveys in low-development settings - Experience in Zimbabwe. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES. 29 (10): 568-575 OCT 2002.
  1. Simoes AA, Bastos FI, Moreira RI, Lynch KG, Metzger DS. A randomized trial of audio computer and in-person interview to assess HIV risk among drug and alcohol users in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2006 Apr;30(3):237-43.
  1. Ellen JM, Gurvey JE, Pasch L, Tschann J, Nanda JP, Catania J. A randomized comparison of A-CASI and phone interviews to assess STD/HIV-related risk behaviors in teens. J Adolesc Health. 2002 Jul;31(1):26-30.
  1. Hanck, SE; Blankenship, KM; Irwin, KS; West, BS; Kershaw, T. Assessment of Self-Reported Sexual Behavior and Condom Use Among Female Sex Workers in India Using a Polling Box Approach: A Preliminary Report. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2008. 35(5):489-494
  1. Villarroel, MA; Turner, CF; Rogers, SM; Roman, AM; Cooley, PC; Steinberg, AB; Eggleston, E; Chromy, JR . T-ACASI Reduces Bias in STD Measurements: The National STD and Behavior Measurement Experiment. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2008. 35(5):499-506

Class 9: Qualitative data: Collecting and Theorizing

*Malterud K. Qualitative research: standards, challenges, and guidelines. Lancet 2001 Aug 11;358(9280):483-8.

*Easton KL, McComish JF, Greenberg R. Avoiding Common Pitfalls in Qualitative Data Collection and Transcription. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH, Vol. 10 No. 5, September 2000 703-707.

*Miles MB and Huberman AM. Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. Second ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 1994. Chapter 4, 9.

*MacQueen, K. M., McLellan, E., Kay, K., and Milstein, B. (1998). Codebook development for team-based qualitative analysis. Cultural Anthropology Methods, 10, 31­36.

For Discussion

  1. Helitzer-Allen DL, Makhambera M., Wangler AM. Obtaining sensitive information: The need for more than focus groups. Reproductive Health Matters, 1994 (3):75-82.
  1. Ware NC, Idoko J, Kaaya S, Biraro IA, Wyatt MA, Agbaji O, Chalamilla G, Bangsberg DR.Explaining adherence success in sub-saharan Africa: an ethnographic study. PLoS Med. 2009 Jan 27;6(1):e11.
  1. Marrazzo JM, Coffey P, Elliott MN: Sexual practices, risk perception and knowledge of sexually transmitted disease risk among lesbian and bisexual women. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2005; 37(1): 6-12.
  1. Koester KA, Maiorana A, Vernon K, et al.: HIV surveillance in theory and practice: Assessing the acceptability of California's non-name HIV surveillance regulations. Health Policy 2005.
  1. Rhodes T; Cusick L. Accounting for unprotected sex: stories of agency and acceptability. Social Science & Medicine. 2002, 55:211-226.
  1. Price, N and Hawkins K. Researching sexual and reproductive behaviour: a peer ethnographic approach, Science and Medicine 2002. 55 (8): 1325-1336.
  1. Adimora AA, Schoenbach VJ, Martinson FE, Donaldson KH, Fullilove RE, Aral SO. Social context of sexual relationships among rural African Americans. Sex Transm Dis 2001 Feb;28(2):69-76.
  1. Crossley ML. 'Could you please pass one of those health leaflets along?': exploring health, morality and resistance through focus groups. Soc Sci Med 2002 Oct;55(8):1471-83.
  1. Carey, J.W., Morgan, M., and Oxtoby,M. (1996). Intercoder agreement in analysis of responses to open-ended interview questions: Examples from tuberculosis research. Cultural Anthropology Methods, 9, 1­5.
  1. Koo HP; Woodsong C; Dalberth BT; Viswanathan M; Simons-Rudolph A. Context of Acceptability of Topical Microbicides: Sexual Relationships. Journal of Social Issues, 2005, 61(1): 67-93.
  1. Stadler Jj, Delany S, & Mntambo M. Sexual coercion and sexual desire: Ambivalent meanings ofheterosexual anal sex in Soweto, South Africa. AIDS Care, November 2007; 19(10): 1189_1193.
  1. Sharma A, Bukusi E, Gorbach, P, Cohen CR, Muga C, Kwena Z1, HolmesKK . Sexual Identity and risk of HIV/STI among men who have sex with men in Nairobi. Sex Trans Dis, April 2008, Vol. 35, No. 4, p.352–354.
  1. Aral SO, St Lawrence JS, Tikhonova L, Safarova E, Parker KA, Shakarishvili A, Ryan CA. The social organization of commercial sex work in Moscow, Russia. Sex Transm Dis 2003 Jan;30(1):39-45.
  1. Allman, Dan, Adebajo, Sylvia, Myers, Ted, Odumuye, Oludare and Ogunsola, Sade. Challenges for the sexual health and social acceptanceof men who have sex with men in Nigeria, Culture, Health & Sexuality, 2007, 9:2, 153 -168

Class10: The Context of Sex Research – Process and Politics

* Laumann EO, Michael RT, Gagnon JH. A political history of the national sex survey of adults.Fam Plann Perspect. 1994 Jan-Feb;26(1):34-8.

* Kaiser, J. NIH Hit List. Science. 2003 Oct 31 (302):738.

*Quinn TC, Wawer MJ, Sewankambo N, Serwadda D, Li C, Wabwire-Mangen F, Meehan MO, Lutalo T, Gray RH. Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Rakai Project Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000 Mar 30;342(13):921-9.

*Angell M. Investigators' responsibilities for human subjects in developing countries. N Engl J Med. 2000 Mar 30;342(13):967-9.
*Gray R. H., Quinn T. C., Serwadda D., Sewankambo N. K., Wabwire-Mangen F., Wawer M. J., Mullings A. M.A., Greco D. B., Hearst N., Cates W., Coates T. J., Handsfield H. H., Angell M. The Ethics of Research in Developing Countries. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:361-363, Aug 3, 2000. Correspondence.

  1. Gikonyo C, Bejon P, Marsh V, Molyneux S. Taking social relationships seriously: Lessons learned from the informed consent practices of a vaccine trial on the KenyanCoast. Soc Sci Med. 2008 Mar 22.
  1. Molyneux CS, Peshu N, Marsh K. Understanding of informed consent in a low-income setting: three case studies from the KenyanCoast.Soc Sci Med. 2004 Dec;59(12):2547-59.
  1. Hyder AA, Wali SA. Informed consent and collaborative research: perspectives from the developing world. Dev World Bioeth. 2006 Mar;6(1):33-40.
  1. Semaan, S., et al., Ethical and regulatory considerations in HIV prevention studies employing respondent driven sampling, Int J Drug Policy (2008), doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2007.12.006

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