Biology
Chapter 17
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Section 1 Classification
How did Classification Begin?
n ______items help you understand them better and find them more easily. One way to do this is through classification.
n ______– is the branch of biology that ______and ______organisms based on studies of their different characteristics.
First Biological Classification
n Greek philosopher ______(384-322 BC)
n Classified organisms as ______or ______
n Plants = 1.______2.______3. ______
Carolus Linnaeu’s System of binomial nomenclature
n System we use today
n Based on ______and ______similarities
n ______– modern classification system that uses a ______naming system
Binomial Nomenclature
n First Word = ______
genus – consists of a group of similar ______
v Second Word = ______(specific epithet)
describes a ______of the organism
Homo sapiens
Homo – ______is homo
Sapiens – Latin sapiens means “______”
How to write a Scientific Name
n Scientific names should be ______in print and ______when handwritten.
n First letter of the genus name is ______
n First letter of the specific epithet is ______
Modern Classification
n Today’s taxonomists try to identify the underlying ______relationships such as external and internal______, ______distribution and their ______makeup.
n Easier to understand biological diversity
Living or Dead
n Taxonomists still group similar ______, both living and dead.
n Provides framework to study the ______among living and extinct species.
Dinosaur, Is it a Bird or Reptile?
n Bones have large ______spaces such as birds.
n Skeleton shares many other remarkable similarities with birds
n Dinosaurs are closely related to the ______
Taxonomy: A Useful Tool
n Used in______, ______, and ______
n Child eats a poisonous berry
A scientist at poison control would get the description of the plant and berry and be able to ______what the plant was.
Discoveries
n Often the discovery of new sources of ______, ______, and ______results from the work of taxonomists.
n Taxonomists know that a certain ______tree carries a ______used in a certain drug. Other trees classified ______to the this one could carry the same______.
Taxon
n A group of______. (The plural of taxa)
n Organisms are ranked in ______that range from having very broad characteristics to very specific ones.
n The ______the taxon the ______species it contains.
n You already know ______taxa
• Smallest taxa = ______
• Taxa above species = ______
The Larger Taxa
Domain ______
Kingdom ______
Phylum ______
Class ______
Order ______
Family ______
Genus ______
Species ______
Biology
Chapter 17 Section 2
The Six Kingdoms
How are evolutionary relationships determined?
They are determined on the basis of similarities in______, ______, ______, ______, and ______.
Structural Similarities
w ______similarities among species reveal______. The presence of ______structures implies that species are closely related and may have evolved from a common ______.
Breeding Behavior
w ______behaviors can provide important clues to relationships among species.
w Frog example from book.
Geographical Distribution
The ______of a species on Earth helps biologists determine their relationships with other species.
Galapagos Island Finches
Chromosome Comparisons
w Both the ______and the structure of______, as seen during ______and______, provide evidence about relationships, among species.
w Cauliflower, cabbage, kale, and broccoli ______different but have ______that are almost identical in structure. They are considered related.
Biochemistry
w Closely related species have similar ______sequences and therefore, ______.
w DNA sequences in giant pandas and red pandas ______. They differ so much that many scientists suggest that giant pandas are more closely related to ______than red pandas.
Phylogenetic Classification: Models
w Species that share a common ancestor also share an ______history.
w ______– the evolutionary history of a species
w A classification system that shows the ______of a species is a phylogenetic classification and reveals the evolutionary ______of species
Cladistics
w One biological system of classification that is based on phylogeny is ______.
w Scientists who use cladistics assume that as groups of organisms ______and ______from a ______group, they retain some unique inherited characteristic that taxonomists call ______.
w Biologists identify a group’s derived traits and use them to make a branching diagram called a ______.
w Cladogram – is a ______of the ______of a species, and models are important tools for understanding scientific concepts.
w Similar to ______
Fanlike Model
w Unlike a cladogram, a fanlike model may communicate the time organisms became ______or the relative ______of species in a group. A fanlike diagram incorporates fossil information and the knowledge gained from anatomical, embryological, genetic and cladistic studies. Organisms with the closest ______are closest alike.
The Six Kingdoms of Organisms
Prokaryotes
w Prokaryotes are ______organisms that lack distinct ______bonded by a______.
w Some are heterotrophs and some autotrophs
w 2 types
1.______2. ______
Archaebacteria
w Usually live in ______environments such as ______, deep-ocean hydrothermal______, and seawater evaporating ponds (Fig 17.9).
w Most of their environments are ______free.
Eubacteria
w Very strong cell walls and a less ______makeup than found in archaebacteria. They live in almost every habitat except for the extreme ones.
w Some do cause ______such as strep throat and pneumonia but most are harmless.
Protists
w Contains diverse species.
w A protist is a ______that lacks complex ______and lives in ______environments.
w Can be ______or ______
w www.funsci.com
Fungi
w Earth’s ______
w Heterotrophs that ______from place to place.
w A fungus is either a unicellular or multicellular eukaryote that ______nutrients from organic materials in its environment.
Plantae (Plants)
w ______producers
w All are multicellular, ______eukaryotes.
w ______move from place to place
w Contain organelle known as ______and have cell walls composed of ______
w ______known species of plants
Animals
w Multicellular consumers (______)
w ______are able to move from place to place.
w Animal cells do not have cell ______.