How Are Traits Passed From Generation to Generation?

Units 5, 6, 7

Unit 5 Objectives:

  1. Give examples of asexual reproduction and the organism employing this method.
  2. Locate and give the functions of the structures of the male and female reproductive systems.
  3. Give the functions of hormones related to the vertebrate reproductive system: progesterone, LH, FSH, GnRH, estrogen, oxytocin, prolactin, and androgen.
  4. Describe mutations that can occur during Meiosis and the phenotypic changes that may result in the offspring.

Unit 6 Objectives:

  1. Explain how independent assortment, crossing over, and random fertilization contribute to genetic variation in sexual reproduction and calculate the rate of crossing over.
  2. Distinguish among chromosomes, chromatids, and tetrads.
  3. List the phases of meiosis, describe the events that characterize each phase and be able to recognize these phases in diagrams.
  4. Compare the end products of mitosis and meiosis.
  5. Compare gametogenesis in ovaries and testes.

Unit 7 Objectives:

  1. List several features of Mendel’s methods that contributed to his success.
  2. State four components of Mendel’s hypothesis of inheritance.
  3. Describe Mendel’s law of segregation.
  4. Use a Punnett square to predict the results of monohybrid and/or dihybrid crosses and state the phenotypic and genotypic ratios of each.
  5. Distinguish between genotype and phenotype, heterozygous and homozygous, dominant and recessive traits.
  6. Use the laws of probability to calculate the chances of an individual having a specific genotype or phenotype.
  7. Describe the inheritance of the ABO blood system and explain why the A and B alleles are said to be codominant.
  8. Distinguish among observed inheritance patterns caused by several types of genetic traits.
  9. Given a simple family pedigree, deduce the genotypes for the family members.
  10. Describe the inheritance and expression of cystic fibrosis, Tay Sachs disease, and sickle cell anemia.
  11. Complete genetics problems related to the condition and patterns of inheritance discussed.
  12. Describe the process of karyotyping and how parents and doctors use karyotypes.

How Are Traits Passed From Generation to Generation?

Units 5, 6, 7 Vocab

  1. Alleles- Different versions of a gene for a particular trait
  2. Autosomes- Chromosomes other then sex chromosomes
  3. Codominance-a type of inheritance that results in the expression of two dominant alleles in the heterozygous
  4. Dihybrid cross- A cross that involves two sets of characteristics
  5. Dominance- a pattern of genetic inheritance in which the effects of a dominant allele mask those of a recessive allele
  6. F1 Generation- the first generation of offspring that the parents produce.
  7. Gene- a segment of DNA that contains genetic information for making a protein
  8. Genotype- The genes in an allele pair
  9. Heterozygous- Having two different alleles of a gene pair
  10. Homologous chromosomes- a pair of chromosomes that carry corresponding genes for the same traits
  11. Homozygous- Having identical alleles for a given gene
  12. Incomplete dominance-A pattern of genetic inheritance in which neither allele is completely dominant, results in a blend
  13. Independent assortment- Mendel’s law that states that during meiosis the alleles separate independently
  14. Inheritance- the process by which traits are passed from one generation to the next.
  15. Monohybrid cross- a genetic cross that involves only one trait
  16. Multiple alleles- Three or more alleles for the same gene
  17. Gametes-Male and female sex cells
  18. Nucleotide- monomer of nucleic acids
  19. Pedigree- a genetic analysis of a trait traced throughout a family
  20. Phenotype- The outward appearance of a trait
  21. Polygenic inheritance- Genetic pattern when a trait is controlled by several genes
  22. Principle of segregation- Mendel’s law that states that each pair of genes separates during meiosis
  23. Punnett square- diagram used to show possible genetic combinations
  24. Recessive- an allele of a gene that is expressed only when the dominant isn’t present.
  25. Sex-linked traits- a pattern of genetic inheritance controlled by a gene on the sex chromosome
  26. Test Cross- A genetic cross accomplished to determine the genotype of an organism. Always involves crossing with the homozygous recessive.