Honors Chemistry Semester 1 Exam Review s4

Genetics Semester 2 Name______Date______Per___

Gene Structure and Expression

Essential Questions

· What is the structure of chromatin and chromosomes?

· What is the structure of DNA?

· What is the structure of RNA?

· How does DNA maintain & pass genetic information from cell to cell?

· What are the three types of RNA and their role in creation of a protein?

· What is the processes transcription?

· What are the steps in post-transcriptional processing of mRNA?

· What is the process of protein synthesis?

· What regulates gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

· What is the epigenome and how it influences gene expression?

· How do signals from the environment influence gene expression by acting on the epigenome?

KeyTerms

Genetics Semester 2 Name______Date______Per___

· Chromosomes

· Chromatin

· Gene linkage

· mRNA

· tRNA

· rRNA

· Exons

· Introns

· 5’cap

· Poly-A tail

· Ribosomes

· Codons

· Anti-codons

· Gene Expression

· Transcription factors

· Promoter

· Operon

· Inducible operon

· Repressible operon

· microRNAs

· Mutagen

· Epigenome

· Semi-conservative

· Anti-parallel

Genetics Semester 2 Name______Date______Per___

Practice Questions

1. Label the following DNA model

2. Name and explain each step of the central dogma of biology. Be sure to clarify which steps are responsible for converting DNA to RNA and eventually proteins.

3. Describe the process of transcription and its place in gene expression

4. Describe the three ways in which eukaryotic mRNA is processed and the importance of each.

5. Explain the process of translation.

6. Explain what codons are and their role in specifying protein structure.

7. Explain what is meant by the phrase “one-gene one polypeptide.

8. Explain how operons work and how bacteria use them to regulate gene expression.

9. Explain the difference between inducible operons and repressible operons and give an example of each.

10. Describe what microRNAs are and how they silence genes and thus revealing the discovery of gene regulation.

11. Describe the physical state of the genome when genes are active.

12. Describe the effects of a mutation on gene expression.

13. Distinguish between regulation methods of a prokaryote versus a eukaryote.

Population Genetics

Essential questions:

· How has genetic drift and gene flow affected the gene pool?

· How do genetic drift and gene flow contribute to evolution?

· How does the frequency of mutations within a population affect its adaptability?

· Does genetic variation occur by adaption or mutation?

· How does a silent mutation differ from other point mutations and increase diversity in the gene pool?

· Identify at least two different mutagens

· What conditions lead to struggle for existence for an individual in a population?

· How does natural selection affect changes in allele frequency in a natural population?

· What are the four main premises of evolution by natural selection?

· Name the factors that lead to equilibrium.

· List the assumptions made by the Hardy- Weinberg law and how is it different from microevolution.

· Use the Hardy-Weinberg equation to calculate the frequency of alleles in a population.

· How does speciation occur?

· What are the types of prezygotic and post zygotic isolation barriers?

· How do isolation barriers contribute to natural selection?

· What are the consequences of environmental changes and human activity on the loss of biodiversity and how does this lead to increased extinction of species?

Key vocabulary:

Genetics Semester 2 Name______Date______Per___

· Gene Pool

· Gene Expression

· Offspring

· Evolutionary Fitness

· Natural Selection

· Microevolution

· Evolution

· Gene Flow

· Genetic Drift

· Adaptability

· Emigration

· Immigration

· Silent Mutation

· Reproductive Isolation Barriers

· Species

· Speciation

· Geographical Isolation Barrier

· Phenotype

· Dominant

· Recessive

· Heterozygous

· Homozygous

· Genotype

· Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

· Hardy-Weinberg Equation

Genetics Semester 2 Name______Date______Per___

Practice Problems:

1. Explain the significance of gene pools in evolution.

2. Explain how gene drift and gene flow contribute to the gene pool.

3. Explain the effects genetic drift has on the variation within a population.

4. What are the factors that increase genetic variation in a population?

5. Students will explain how the genetic variation in a population affects its adaptability.

6. Explain evolutionary fitness.

7. Summarize Darwin's Theory of natural selection.

8. Name the factors that lead to equilibrium within a population.

9. Explain how speciation occurs.

10. Categorize the following isolation barriers as either prezygotic or postzygotic: Temporal, ecological, behavioral incompatibility, mechanical isolation and gametic isolation.

Public Health

Essential Questions

· What role does heredity and family history have in personal health issues?

· What kinds of information can a karyotype provide versus a pedigree chart?

· Explain the importance of pre-natal genetic screening.

· What are the social implications of genetic screening?

· What is the Human Genome Project?

· What ethical considerations play a role in the Human Genome Project?

· How do enzyme deficiencies develop and how are affected individuals impacted?

· How does genetic counseling help decrease the risk of genetic diseases?

· What are the tools of genetic counselors and how are they used?

· Where does cancer fit into the cell cycle?

· How is cancer and genetics related?

· What substances exist in the biosphere that can and do lead to genetic changes that lead to cancer?

· How are environmental factors determined to be carcinogenic?

· What role does genetics play in conservation biology?

· How has the advent of various industrial occupations led to occupational illnesses that have a genetic component and how can these be prevented?

· What role does pollution and other environmental changes have on genetic diseases?

· What environmental changes have led to the increase in genetic recombination and what effects have occurred to organisms and the ecosystem as a whole?

· What role does research play in the improvement of the environment, both personally and occupationally, so that genetically caused diseases can be treated and/or eliminated?

Key Terms

Genetics Semester 2 Name______Date______Per___

· Karyotype

· Phenylketonuria

· Autosome

· Albinism

· Kartagener Syndrome

· Tay-Sachs disease

· Sickle Cell Anemia

· Sickle Cell Trait

· Hemoglobin mutants

· Cystic Fibrosis

· Pedigree Analysis

· Carriers

· Amnion

· Amniocentesis

· Chorionic Villi

· Paternity

· Tumor

· Cancer

· Metastasis

· Oncogene

· Retrovirus

· Pollution

· Carcinogen

· Radiation

Genetics Semester 2 Name______Date______Per___

Practice Problems

1. Why is mapping the human genome beneficial to treating genetic disorders?

2. What is phenylketonuria? (pages 66-68)

§ What is the defect that causes it?

§ What are the consequences of this disease?

3. What is albinism? (page 68)

§ What is the defect that causes it?

§ What are the consequences of this disease?

4. What is Kartagener Syndrome? (page 68)

§ What is the defect that causes it?

§ What are the consequences of this disease?

5. What is Tay-Sachs Disease? (pages 68-69)

§ What is the defect that causes it?

§ What are the consequences of this disease?

6. What is Sickle Cell Anemia? (pages 70-71)

§ What is the defect that causes it?

§ What are the consequences of this disease?

7. What is Cystic Fibrosis? (pages 71-72)

§ What is the defect that causes it?

§ What are the consequences of this disease?

8. What is genetic counseling? (pages 72-73)

§ What are pedigrees?

§ How do genetic counselors use pedigrees?

§ What are Punnett Squares and how are they used by counselors?

9. What is carrier detection? (page 73)

§ How do we identify heterozygotes?

10. How are genetic defects determined in the fetus? (page 74)

§ What are amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling?

11. What is genetic testing? (page 273)

12. What is the purpose of human genetic testing? (pages 273-274)

§ Who is at risk for genetic disease?

13. What are the types of DNA molecular testing? (pages 274-276)

14. Can the genome be altered, and thus disease as well, by gene therapy? (pages 280-281)

15. How has biotechnology altered diseases in the human population? (pages 281-281)

16. How are normal cell transform into a cancer cell? (pages 581-582)

17. Is there evidence that cancers are genetic diseases? (pages 581-595)

§ What are oncogenes?

§ What are tumor suppressing genes?

Bioethics & Regulation

Essential Questions

What is bioethics?

How is biotechnology regulated and who is in control?

What are some ethical questions in biotechnology and how are they addressed?

Key Vocabulary

Genetics Semester 2 Name______Date______Per___

· GMO

· GRAS

· EPA

· GLP

· GMP

· GCP

· Patent

· USDA

· FDA

· Utilitarian

· Moratorium

· Integrity

· Humane

· Efficacy

· Probability

· Risk Assessment

· Placebo

· Informed Consent

· Eugenics

Genetics Semester 2 Name______Date______Per___

Practice Questions

1. What does bioethics mean? How is it decided?

2. How does bioethics relate to biotechnology? Why do we have (and need) ethical guidelines for biotech?

3. What is the utilitarian approach to Bioethics?

4. What is the Kantian approach to bioethics?

5. What are some biotechnology areas of research with ethical concerns?

6. That does the FDA regulate?

7. What does the EPA regulate with regards to biotech? How does research get approved by the EPA?

8. What does the USDA regulate with regards to biotech? How does that regulation process proceed?

9. What is Notification? What are the conditions for Notification?

10. What are some of the ethical concerns with genetic testing? Has any of these concerns been addressed legally?

11. What concerns exist with human cloning?