Name: ______Period: ______
Homework Chapter 2-Chemistry Comes Alive Date: ______
Using your textbook, Chapter 2 pp25-59 and other outside sources. complete by ______
1. What is the chemical symbol for each of these biologically important elements?
_____Oxygen _____Iodine _____Calcium
_____Magnesium _____Carbon _____Hydrogen
_____Sodium _____Chloride _____Potassium
_____Nitrogen _____Phosphorus _____Iron
2. From the list of elements in question1, match the chemical symbol/s to the description below.
______1. found as a salt in bones and teeth
______2. Make up more than 96% of the mass of the cell
______3. Essential for transport of oxygen in red blood cells
______4. Essential cations (+) in muscle contractions
______5. Essential for production of thyroid hormones
______6. Present in nucleic acids (in addition to C, H, O, and N)
______7. Most abundant negative ion in extracellular fluid.
3. What is the difference between polar and nonpolar molecules? (p34) ______
______
4. Refer to p37 to complete the diagram of five water molecules. Identify the Hydrogen atoms and the oxygen atoms. Identify the hydrogen bonds. Using the Greek letter sigma, ς, indicate which part of the molecule is slightly + and which slightly -.
5. Use the choices below to identify the substance described.
A. Acid B. Base C. Buffers D. Salts
______1. ______2. ______3. Substances that ionize in water; good electrolytes.
______4. Proton (H+) acceptors
______5. Dissociate in water releasing H+ and a negative ion other than OH-
______6. Substance dissociate in water to release ions other than H+ and OH-
______7. Formed when an acid and a base are combined
______8. substance that prevents rapid or large swings in pH
6. Define pH: ______
______
7. What is the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid?______
______
Organic Compounds
8. Match the terms in column B with the descriptions in column A. May have several answers
______1. Building blocks of carbohydrates
______2. building blocks of fat
______3. building blocks of proteins
______4. single most important fuel source for body cells
______5. Not soluble in water
______6. Made of C, H and O where ratio of H to O is 2:1
______7. contains Nitrogen
______8. building block of nucleic acids
______9. primary component of bread and pasta'
______10. includes collagen and hemoglobin
9. For each of the following statements that is true, write "true" in the blank. If the statement is false, correct the underlined word to make it true and put that word in the blank.
______1. Phospholipids are polarized molecules.
______2. Steroids are the major form in which body fat is stored.
______3. Water is the most abundant compound in the body.
______4. Nonpolar molecules are generally soluble in water.
______5. The bases in RNA are A, G, C, and U.
______6. The energy "currency" in cells is the molecule, DNA.
______7. RNA is single-stranded.
______8. The bond linking amino acids together in a protein is called a hydrogen bond.
______9. The major external fuel of choice used by cells is protein.
______10. The nucleotide base that compliments guanine is cytosine.
______1. All enzymes are proteins.
______2. The substance upon which an enzyme acts is called the cofactor.
______3. The name of an enzyme usually ends in the suffix--ide.
______4. Enzymes work by increasing the activation energy of a reaction.
______5. The location of substrate attachment on an enzyme is called the active site.
______6. Coenzymes are vitamins that assist the chemical action of enzymes.
______7. Changes in pH or temperature decrease enzyme activity because bonds break and the enzyme returns to its tertiary structure.
10. Shown below are five simplified diagrams of structures of some biomolecules. First, identify the molecule and put the name on the blank below the figure. Then answer the questions relating to the diagrams.
D. ______E. ______
1). Give an example of a biochemical having a structure like diagram C. ______
2). Which two diagrams illustrate monomers (building blocks) ______
3). What is the level of structure of the molecule in diagram B? ______
4). Which two diagrams illustrate molecules used for energy storage? ______
5). Which diagram shows a structure that most closely resembles a molecule of ATP? ______
11. The biochemical reaction shown below represents the complete digestion of a polymer (consumed in food) down to its constituent monomers (building blocks). First, color code the circles and corresponding structures. Then answer the questions relating to the illustration.
_____1) If starch is the polymer, the monomer is
a. glycogen b. amino acids c. glucose d. maltose
_____2) During polymer digestion, water as H+ and OH- would:
a. be the products of the reaction
b. act as a catalyst
c. enter between monomers, bond to them, and keep them separated
d. not be involved
_____3) Another name for the chemical digestion of polymers is
a. dehydration synthesis b. hydrolysis c displacement
12. The figure to the side shows the structure of DNA. Color and label the deoxyribose sugar, the phosphate unit, and the four bases. Complete the base pairing by inserting the correct letter on the right side of the diagram. Circle one nucleotide. Then answer the questions.
13. Use an "X" to designate the organic compounds.
_____ carbon dioxide _____fats _____proteins _____water
_____ oxygen _____KCl _____glucose _____DNA
14. The speed of a chemical reaction is influenced by what four factors?
a) ______
b) ______
c) ______
d) ______
15. What four elements make up about 96% of the body? ______
16. What is the difference between an isotope and an ion? ______
17. What is the difference between glucose and glycogen? ______
18. What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis? ______
19. What is the difference between a cation and an anion? ______
20. Some antibiotics act by binding to certain enzymes in the target bacteria. How might these antibiotics influence the chemical reactions controlled by the enzyme? ______
What would be the effect on the bacteria? ______
What is the effect on the person taking the antibiotic, hopefully? ______