HISTORY 210 STUDY GUIDE

UNIT 5—THE PERIPHERY, THE PRESENT,

AND THE FUTURE

UNIT OBJECTIVES

  1. Assess the role of nationalism in understanding conflicts in the periphery and their relation to terrorism.
  2. Evaluate the role of globalization in heightening or decreasing international conflict.
  3. Discuss the connection between external forces, like globalization, and internal turmoil.
  4. Evaluate the usefulness of terms like “neocolonial” in understanding the international relations of Latin America and Africa.
  5. Understand the basis of anti-American sentiment elsewhere in the world.

LATIN AMERICA

TERMS

Monroe DoctrineProtectorateBay of Pigs Invasion

TexasPanamaCuban Missile Crisis

Nueces RiverVenezuelan Debt Crisis“Papa Doc” Duvalier

Rio Grande“Big Stick” PolicyManuel Noriega

Santa AnnaGunboat DiplomacySandinistas

John TylerRoosevelt Corollary“Freedom Fighters”

James K. PolkWoodrow WilsonDaniel Ortega

CubaPancho VillaSendero Luminoso

Ten Years WarAugusto SandinoAlbert Fujimoori

U.S.S. Virginia CrisisGood Neighbor PolicyMontesinos

José MartíAnastacio SomozaHugo Chavez

“Remember the Maine”Fulgencio BatistaVicente Fox

Theodore RooseveltMoncada Barracks RevoltNAFTA

Platt AmendmentFidel CastroZapatista Rebellion

CHRONOLOGY

1810-1823 Latin American Wars for Independence

1823 Monroe Doctrine

1835 Texas Rebellion

1836 Siege of Alamo

1840 President John Tyler sets his sights on California

1841 U.S. and Great Britain sign the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

1846-48 War With Mexico, or “Polk’s War”

1855 William Walker establishes Tropical Republic in Nicaragua

1868-78 Cuban Ten Years War

1873 U.S.S. Virginia Crisis

1881 Pan-American Conference

1896-98 Cuban War of Liberation

1898 Spanish American War

1901 Platt Amendment ratified in Cuba

1902-3 Venezuelan Debt Crisis

1903 U.S. supports Panamanian bid for independence; establishes a protectorate there

1904-5 Dominican Republic Debt Crisis

1905 Hague Court upholds legality of “Roosevelt Corollary”

1906 U.S. Marines land in Cuba

1912 U.S. Marines land in Nicaragua and remain there until 1933

1914 U.S. seizes port of Veracruz during Mexican Revolution

1917 Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa stages border raids on U.S.

1917 President Wilson sends U.S. army under General “Blackjack” Pershing across the Mexican border to pursue Villa

1927-34 Augusto Sandino wages battle against U.S. troops in Nicaragua

1934 Sandino Assassinated

1933 Platt Amendment abrogated as part of FDR’s “Good Neighbor Policy”

1954 CIA sponsors right-wing coup in Guatemala, overthrowing Jacobo Arbenz

1959 Fidel Castro takes power in Cuba

1961 The Kennedy administration launches the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba

1962 Cuban Missile Crisis

1965 LBJ sends 22,000 American troops to the Dominican Republic to restore order

1973 CIA supports overthrow of Chile’s Salvador Allende

1979 Sandinistas come to power in Nicaragua

1981 Reagan administration begins supporting anti-Sandinista elements in Nicaragua

1983 U.S. invades Grenada

1989 U.S. invades Panama to arrest Manuel Noriega

1994 NAFTA goes into effect

1994 Zapatista Rebellion launched in Chiapas, Mexico

2000-01 Amidst scandal, Fujimoori flees Peru; Security chief Montesinos arrested

2002 Hugo Chavez deposed in coup, then reinstated just days later

OUTLINE

  1. Understanding U.S. Latin American Relations
  2. A Troubled Friendship
  3. The Importance of History
  1. Phase I, 1810-1840
  2. Understanding the Monroe Doctrine
  3. U.S. Economic and Strategic Interests
  4. The Texas Question
  5. How Latin Americans interpreted Texas
  1. Phase II, 1840-1860
  2. The “Peculiar Institution” and its Influence
  3. Cuba
  4. Filibusters in Central America
  5. U.S. Domestic Politics
  6. Strategic and Economic Concerns in Central America
  7. The big picture
  8. The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty
  9. The War With Mexico and its Consequences
  1. Phase III, 1860-80
  2. U.S. Economic Interest in Latin America grows
  3. Whither Cuba…
  4. Ten Years War
  5. U.S.S. Virginia Crisis
  6. Central America
  7. The French step in
  8. Southern Cone and War of the Pacific
  9. 1881 Pan American Conference
  1. Phase IV, 1880-1933
  2. The U.S. Becomes an Imperial Power
  3. Cuba and the Spanish American War
  4. Platt Amendment
  5. The Panama Protectorate
  6. Strategic Concerns
  7. Venezuelan Crisis
  8. Dominican Crisis
  9. Preventing Disorder in Central America and the Caribbean
  10. Political Legacies of U.S. Intervention
  1. Phase V, 1933-54
  2. Latin America Under the “Good Neighbor Policy”
  3. The “Good Neighbor Policy’s” Dark Side
  1. Phase VI, 1954-91
  2. Cold War Concerns and Latin America
  3. Guatemala
  4. The Arbenz “problem”
  5. Cuba
  6. The Castro Revolution
  7. Aftermath and implications
  8. Chile
  9. Central America
  10. Cold War Fallout
  1. Phase VII, 1991-Present
  2. Globalization and a Return to Democratic Rule
  3. Problems
  4. Reason for Hope?

RWANDA

TERMS

TutsiRwandan Patriotic Front

HutuUganda

TwaZaire

German East AfricaMobutu Sese Seko

Tutsi King Kigeri VLaurent Kabila

Gregoire KayibandaDemocratic Republic of Congo

Juvenal HabyarimanaPaul Kagame

CHRONOLOGY

1300s-1600s Tutsis migrate into areas held by Hutu and Twa, eventually subduing them

1800s Tutsi King Kigeri Rwabugiri establishes a centralized state and military structure

1890 Rwanda becomes part of German East Africa

1916 During WWI Belgian forces occupy what is now Rwanda

1923 League of Nations mandate entrusts Rwanda to Belgium, which administers the country through proxy kings

1946 The UN makes Rwanda a “trust territory” that will remain temporarily under Belgian Rule

1957 Hutus form political parties and call for more voice and representation

1959 Ethnic violence drives Tutsi King Kigeri V and supporters into exile

1961 Rwanda proclaimed a republic

1962 Rwanda declares independence under Hutu leadership

1963 Following Tutsi incursions from Burundi, 20,000 Tutsis are massacred

1973 Juvenal Habyarimana takes power during military coup

1978 Habyarimana elected president and new constitution is promulgated

1988 50,000 Hutu refugees arrive from Burundi in the midst of ethnic violence there

1990 Rwandan Patriotic Front invades Rwanda from Uganda

1990-93 Rwandan Civil War

1991 Rwanda goes from being a single party political system to a multi-party political system

1993 Peace Agreement

1994 Habyarimana and Burundian president killed; violence erupts in Rwanda when RPF launches major attacks and Hutu extremists respond with the massacre of 800,000 Tutsis and sympathizers

1994-96 Hutu militias flee to Zaire and take control of the refugee camps there

1995 Hutu militias and Zairean Government forces attack local Tutsis, while Zairean government tries to force refugees back into Rwanda

1995 UN International Tribunal begins investigating and sentencing those deemed responsible for the atrocities

1996 Rwandan military attacks refugee camps in Zaire

1997 Rwandan and Ugandan rebels help to depose President Mobuto Seke Seso and replace him with Laurent Kabila; Zaire becomes Democratic Republic of Congo

1998 After Kabila refuses to exile Hutu militias, Rwanda begins supporting anti-Kabila guerillas

2000 Political scandals lead Hutu president to resign

2000 Paul Kagame becomes Rwanda’s new president in April

2001 Kagame willing to withdraw troops from DRC but only if UN observers are sent in to prevent further aggression

OUTLINE

  1. Introduction—A story all too familiar?
  2. Similarities to the Balkans and Middle East
  3. Nationalism in the 19th Century
  1. The Impact of External Events
  2. 19th Century Imperialism
  3. World War I
  4. Frustrated nationalists
  5. World War II
  6. Flawed independence
  7. Similarities to Indian Subcontinent
  1. Ethnic Violence and Independence
  2. 1960s-1990
  1. The Rwandan Civil War and Ethnic Cleansing
  2. Similarities to the Balkans
  3. Assessing the cost
  4. Impact on African political stability
  5. Uganda
  6. Zaire and the Democratic Republic of the Congo
  1. The Present—Unanswered Questions and Unfulfilled Promises
DRUGS, TERRORISM, AND GLOBALIZATION

TERMS

Free TradeAl FatahBasque Separatists

MultinationalsAl AsqaAl Qaeda

NeoliberalismHamasLashkar I-Taiba

European Economic UnionIslamic JihadJaish I-Mohammed

NAFTAP.L.O.Ramzi Yousef

Pablo EscobarSendero LuminosoOsama Bin Laden

FARCZapatistasU.S.S. Cole

NarcocorruptionChechnyan SeparatistsWTC 1993

NarcoterrorismI.R.A.9-11-01

Raul SalinasRed Brigade