Hamilton and Jefferson S Interpretation of the Constitution Hamilton Wanted a Loose

EOC Review

Hamilton’s Economic Plan is always contrasted with Jefferson’s. Hamilton wanted the federal government to have more power in making economic decisions. Hamilton wanted to pay the states’ debts after the Revolutionary war and have a National Bank
Hamilton and Jefferson’s interpretation of the Constitution– Hamilton wanted a loose interpretation of the Constitution while Jefferson wanted a strict interpretation of the Constitution that protected individual rights.
Whiskey Rebellion- Tax on whiskey caused farmers to rebel. President Washington sent in Federal troops to put down the rebellion and show the power of the new Federal government to enforce it’s laws
Election of 1800– Thomas Jefferson vs. John Adams, Jefferson won leading to the Judiciary Act of 1801 and Adam’s attempt to pack the courts with the “Midnight Judges” and insure Federalist power. The “Marbury vs. Madison” court case that gave the Supreme Court the power of Judicial Review comes from this period.
Alien and Sedition Acts- were a series of laws passed by the Federalists in 1798 during the administration of PresidentJohn Adams. They were designed to protect the United States from alien citizens of enemy powers and to stop criticism of the government. The Democratic-Republicans, and later historians, have seen them as limiting Freedom of Speech. They became a major political issue in the elections of 1798 and 1800.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions- were passed in opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts. Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry and others declared that they would not enforce Acts because they were a violation of the 1st Amendment to the Constitution.
Cotton Gin– Invented by Eli Whitney in 1789, made the production of cotton more efficient leading to the need for more slaves to cultivate and harvest the cotton
Treaty of Greenville, 1796- was signed at Fort Greenville on August 3, 1795, between a coalition of Native Americans and the United States following the Native American loss at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. It put an end to the Northwest Indian War. The United States was represented by General Anthony Wayne.
Embargo Act of 1807- Thomas Jefferson attempts to persuade Great Britain and France from interfering with US trade and freedom of the seas by refusing to trade with them. The Act proves to be more of a problem for New England merchants than for Great Britain or France. American merchants raise such a fuss that Jefferson is forced to repeal the Embargo Act.
War of 1812- One of the main causes is the impressment of our merchant sailors by the British navy.
The Indian Removal Act of 1830- was a law passed by the Twenty-first United States Congress in order to facilitate the relocation of Native Americantribes living east of the Mississippi River in the United States to lands further west. The Removal Act, part of a U.S. government policy known as Indian Removal, was signed into law by PresidentAndrew Jackson on May 28, 1830.
Worchester vs. Georgia, 1832- was a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that Cherokee Native Americans were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments.
Trail of Tears- refers to the forced relocation in 1838 of the CherokeeNative American tribe to the Western United States, which resulted in the deaths of an estimated 4,000 Cherokees
“54-40 or Fight”- The Oregon boundary arose as a result of competing British and American claims to the Oregon Country. Campaign slogan for James K. Polk
Lewis and Clark- Their mission is to explore and chart the Louisiana Purchase along with finding a route to the Pacific Ocean.
Transcendentalism - was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in the New England region of the United States of America in the early-to mid-19th century.
James Fennimore Cooper- Wrote “The Last of the Mohicans”, contributed to the era of nationalism and landscape art.
Hudson River School of Artists - was a mid-19th centuryAmerican art movement by a group of landscapepainters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by romanticism.
William Lloyd Garrison- Editor of “The Liberator”, called for the immediate emancipation of the slaves.
South Carolina Nullification Crisis - declared the tariff of 1828 and 1832 null and void within the state borders of South Carolina. It began the Nullification Crisis. Passed by a state convention on November 24, 1832, it led, on December 10, to President Andrew Jackson's proclamation against South Carolina, which sent a naval flotilla and a threat of sending government ground troops to enforce the tariffs.
Compromise Tariff of 1833 - was proposed by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun as a resolution to the Nullification Crisis.
John C. Calhoun - was a prominent United States Southern politician and political philosopher from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - was the peace treaty that ended the Mexican-American War (1846–1848).
Nat Turner’s Rebellion - was a slave rebellion that happened in Virginia in August 1831. Over 50 people were reported killed. Led to stricter “slave codes”.
Dorothea Dix - was an American activist on behalf of the indigent insane who, through a vigorous program of lobbying states legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums.
Horace Mann- Massachusetts educator, established the model for public schools in America.
Kansas-Nebraska Act - of 1854 created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and opened new lands for settlement. The act was designed by Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois; it repealed the Missouri Compromise. The act established that settlers could decide for themselves whether to allow slavery ( popular sovereignty ).
Bleeding Kansas - sometimes referred to in history as Bloody Kansas or the Border War, was a sequence of violent events involving Free-Staters (anti-slavery) and pro-slavery ("Border Ruffians") elements that took place in Kansas–Nebraska Territory and the western frontier towns of the U.S. state of Missouri between roughly 1854 and 1858 attempting to influence whether Kansas would enter the Union as a free or slave state. The term "Bleeding Kansas" was coined by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune.
Popular Sovereignty - In the 1850’s it refered to a state’s right to determine the issue of slavery within it’s borders by a vote of the people.
Dred Scott vs. Sanford, 1857 - known as the "Dred Scott Case" or the "Dred Scott Decision", was a lawsuit decided by the United States Supreme Court in 1857 that ruled that people of African descent, whether or not they were slaves, could never be citizens of the United States, and that Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories. The decision for the court was written by Chief JusticeRoger Taney.
John Brown and Harper’s Ferry- Violent abolitionist, went to Harper’s Ferry Virginia to capture the Military Arsenal there and distribute the weapons to escaped slaves to start a massive slave rebellion in the South. Brown and his followers were captured and executed by the US Army led by Robert E. Lee.
Harriet Beecher Stowe - was an abolitionist and writer of more than 13 books, the most famous being Uncle Tom's Cabin which describes life in slavery. President Lincoln said “So you are the little woman that started this big war.”
Uncle Tom’s Cabin - is a novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe which treats slavery as a central theme. The novel is believed to have had a profound effect on the North's view of slavery.
Civil War Aim of Abraham Lincoln – The aim of President Lincoln was to preserve the Union. Lincoln felt that secession was un-Constitutional.
Vicksburg- Battle for control of the Mississippi, Union victory became a turning point of the war in 1863 as the Union split the Confederacy in half and controlled the supply lines along the Mississippi
Sherman’s March to the Sea- The purpose of Sherman’s march to the sea was to break the back of the Confederacy. He burned a 100 mile wide path through Georgia and South Carolina to take away their capability of supplying the Southern Army with needed food and weapons.
Emancipation Proclamation – Declared that slaves in rebelling states were free. Made slavery the issue of the war and kept Great Britain from joining the Confederate war effort.
Civil Rights Act of 1866- were passed by Congress in response to the “Black Codes” passed by southern governments after the Civil War. Declared the former slaves citizens with all of the rights of citizenship including voting rights.
Sharecroppers and Tenant Farmers- Worked the land for a portion of the crop or profit. This system of labor developed as a result of the loss of slavery as a source of labor on Southern Plantations. Poor whites and former slaves filled these roles.
13th Amendment – freed the slaves
14th Amendment – citizenship and the rights of citizenship cannot be denied based upon race, designed to counter black codes and Jim Crow laws
15th Amendment – the right to vote cannot be denied based on race
Election of 1876 - Hayes became president in exchange for the end of Radical Reconstruction.
Compromise of 1877 – compromise naming Hayes President of the United States while ending the military occupation of the south, ended military reconstruction.Democrats called for the end of Reconstruction because it was useless.
Homestead Act - was a United States federal law that gave one quarter of a section of a township (160 acres, or about 65 hectares) of undeveloped land in the American West to any family head or person who was at least 21 years of age, provided he lived on it for five years and built a house of a minimum of 12 by 14 feet (3.6 x 4.3 m), or allowed the family head to buy it for $1.25 per acre ($0.51/ha) after six months.
Westward Movement
Roles of Irish - The majority of the Union Pacific track was built by Irish laborers, veterans of both the Union and Confederate armies, and Mormons who wished to see the railroad pass through Ogden and Salt Lake City, Utah.
Roles of Chinese - Mostly Chinese (coolies) built the Central Pacific track. Even though at first they were thought to be too weak or fragile to do this type of work, after the first day in which Chinese were on the line, the decision was made to hire as many as could be found in California (where most were gold miners or in service industries such as laundries and kitchens), plus many more were imported from China. Most of the men received between one and three dollars per day, but the workers from China received much less.
Dawes Severalty Act - authorized the President of the United States to survey Native American tribal land and divide the area into allotments for the individual Native American. The act also called for the assimilation of the Indians into American culture.
Impact of Transcontinental Railroad - it created a nationwide mechanized transportation network that revolutionized the population and economy of the American West. Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads met at Promotory Point Utah.
Omaha Platform –
secret ballot system
graduated income tax
restriction of undesirable emigration.
eight-hour law on Government work
initiative and referendum.
election of Senators of the United States by a direct vote
Populism - was a short-lived political party in the United States in the late 19th century. It flourished particularly among western farmers, based largely on its opposition to the gold standard. Incorporated into the major political parties.
The Grange and National Farmer’s Alliances- set up as a way for farmers to cooperate to establish fair prices for their products, by farm equipment and seed at reasonable rates, and combat unfair business practices of the Railroads.
Interstate Commerce Act - The ICC's original purpose was to regulate railroads to ensure fair rates, to eliminate rate discrimination, and to regulate other aspects of common carriers.
“Cross of Gold” Speech - was a speech delivered by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. The speech advocated bimetallism. At the time, the Democratic Party wanted to standardize the value of the dollar to silver and opposed pegging the value of the United States dollar to a gold standard. The inflation that would result from the silver standard would make it easier for farmers and other debtors to pay off their debts by increasing their revenue dollars. It would also reverse the deflation which the U.S. experienced from 1873-1896.
Jim Crow- Series of laws especially in the South that segregated the races. Associated with the decision in Plessy v. Ferguson.
Barbed Wire- developed by Joseph Glidden, brought an end to the Open Range/Prairie
Refrigerator Car – made it possible to transport meat without spoiling to large areas of the country, changed the diet of the US to include more fresh beef and pork
Vertical/Horizontal Integration- Controlling the suppliers that contribute to your product/Controlling the market for your product.
Jacob Riis- New York police reporter that recorded pictures of poverty and slums in New York to draw attention to the poor living conditions of immigrants.
Settlement Houses–Place where immigrants could find jobs, social activities, shelter, food, English. The two largest and most influential settlement houses were Chicago's Hull House (founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr in 1889) and the Henry Street Settlement in New York (founded by Lillian Wald in 1893).
Chinese Exclusion Act- limited Chinese immigration in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s. Only teachers, merchants, tourist were allowed into the country.
Urbanization - is the increase over time in the population of cities in relation to the region's rural population.
Robber Barons – nickname given to industrialists on the late 19th and early 20th centuries
Andrew Carnegie - was a Scottish-Americanbusinessman, a major and widely respected philanthropist, and the founder of the Carnegie Steel Company which later became U.S. Steel. He is known for having built one of the most powerful and influential corporations in United States history, and, later in his life, giving away most of his riches to fund the establishment of many libraries, schools, and universities
John D. Rockefeller - was an Americanindustrialist and philanthropist who played a pivotal role in the establishment of the oil industry, and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, Rockefeller helped found the Standard Oil company. Over a forty-year period, Rockefeller built Standard Oil into the largest and most profitable company in the world, and became the world's richest man.
J.P. Morgan - was an American financier and banker, who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation.
Vanderbilt Family - Cornelius Vanderbilt Iwas an Americanentrepreneur who built his wealth in shipping and railroads and was the patriarch of the Vanderbilt family.
Laissez-Faire/ Government influence of Business in 1890’s – The Robber Barons wanted the Government to stay out of the market economy of the United States during the 1890’s into the early 1900’s
Social Darwinism- survival of the fittest in economics, politics, and imperialism
Working Conditions- one of the reasons why Unions flourished in the late 1800’s. Child Labor, long hours, poor ventilation, etc.
Haymarket Riot - On May 1, 1886, labor unions organized a strike for an eight-hour work day in Chicago. Knights of Labor
Samuel Gompers - was an American labor and political leader. Gompers founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and held the position as president of the organization for all but one year from 1886 until his death in 1924.
Eugene Debs- Socialist Union Leader. Head of the Knights of Labor, 5 time Presidential Candidate.
Strike – work stoppage by union workers to pressure management to address workers’ needs
Yellow-dog Contract – workers must sign a contract that states they will not join a union if hired to work in a factory
Sherman Anti-trust Act – outlawed any business practice that retrained trade, it was intended to block companies from forming monopolies, it was used to stop unions from striking
Homestead Strike - was a labor lockout and strike which began on June 30, 1892, with a battle between the strikers and private security agents erupting on July 6, 1892. It is one of the most serious labor disputes in U.S. history. The dispute occurred in Homestead, Pennsylvania, between the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (the AA) and the Carnegie Steel Company.
Pendleton Act - is an 1883 United States federal law that established the United States Civil Service Commission, which placed most federal employees on the merit system and marked the end of the so-called "spoils system." Drafted during the Chester A. Arthur administration
Political Machines - In the United States in the late 19th and early 20th century, it was mainly the larger cities that had machines — Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, New York City, Philadelphia, etc. — and each city's machine was run by a "boss," a man who had the allegiance of elected officials and who knew the buttons to push to get things done.