Name: ______

H Bio- Test Format: 75 points - multiple choice, matching and diagrams

Cell Reproduction Review

1. List 3 functions of mitosis / Growth, repair, replacement, reproduction
2. How does DNA “fit” into a cell (ORDER smallest to largest) / Double helix wraps around histone proteins, Nucleosome, coil, supercoil, chromosome
3. What are chromatids / Replicated chromosomes (visible during cell division)
4. What is a centromere / Place where sister chromatids are attached
5. 2n / Diploid cell
6. Somatic Cell / Diploid/body cell
7. Gamete / Haploid/sex cell
8. Autosome / Non-sex chromosome, #1-22 in humans
9. Human 2n number / 46
10. Human n number / 23
11. 2 stages of the cell cycle / Interphase and Mitotic Phase (cell division)
12. Stages of Interphase (in order) / G1, S, G2
13. DNA replication / S
14. Describe what is happening during each stage of mitosis / P – chromatids become visible, nucleoli and nuclear membrane breakdown, centrosomes (with centrioles in animals) move to opposite poles, spindle fibers stretch across cell
M- Centromere attaches to spindle
& sister chromatids meet in the middle
A – centromere divides, chromosomes move AWAY/APART
T- reverse of prophase
15. Describe cytokinesis in a plant and animal cell / P – cell plate
A- cleavage furrow
16. What is cancer / Cells lose ability to control growth rate
17. Define cell division / Single cell becomes two daughter cells
18. Mitosis / Nuclear division
19. Which cells rarely undergo cell division? / Nerve and some muscle (like the heart)
20. How do living things become larger? / Cells divide and become more numerous
21. Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis / Mitosis Meiosis
1 div 2 div
Body cells sex cells
2 cells 4 cells
2n cells n cells
22. Differentiate between spermatogenesis and oogenesis / Spermatogenesis Oogenesis
Testes Ovaries
4 sperm cells 1 egg cell
Equal division Unequal division
Takes longer
23. Differentiate between meiosis I and meiosis II / Meiosis I Meiosis II
Synapsis Same as mitosis
Tetrads
Crossing over
Homologs separate
24. What happens at the conclusion of meiosis I / Homologous chromosomes separate, chromosome number is reduced by 1/2
25. List 3 sources of genetic re-assortment & when they occur / 1. Crossing over during prophase I
2. Independent assortment during metaphase I
3. Fertilization
26. Holds tetrads together / Chiasmata (chiasma – x over point)
27. XX / Female genotype (sex chromosomes)
28. sperm cell / Male haploid gamete
29. Tetraploid / 4n
30. Oogonia / Female germ cell
31. G1 / Cell growth and protein production
32. How do sperm cells move / flagella
33. Centriole/centrosome / Grow spindle fibers to pull sister chromatids apart
34. Cytokinesis / Division of the cytoplasm
35. As a wound begins to heal, what happens to cell division / Rate slows down
36. What increases faster as a cell becomes larger? / Volume increases faster than surface area
37. Why are small cells considered more efficient than large cells? / Large cells have trouble moving needed substances in and wastes out
38. Define cell division. / Process in which a cell divides into two daughter cells
39. State on factor that can stop normal cells from dividing? / Contact with other cells
40. Can controls on cell growth be turned on and off? / Yes
41. What regulates the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotes? / Cyclins
42. What are growth factors? / External regulators of the cell cycle
43. Gametes have _ allele(s) for each gene. / ONE
44. Gametes are produced by? / meiosis
45. Programmed cell death? / apoptosis
46. Describe each stage of meiosis I in detail. / PI-Synapsis, tetrads, homologous chromosomes, crossing over.
MI- homologous chromosomes meet in middle, spindle fibers attach to centromeres
AI- homologous chromosomes are separated
TI- nuclear membrane and nucleolus reform, cytokinesis begins
47. Meiosis I is known as? / Reduction
48. What is nondisjunction? / Failure of chromosomes to separate properly during anaphase leads to cells with too many or too few chromosomes
49. What is independent assortment? When does it happen? / Random lining up of chromosomes during metaphase
50. How is prophase I of meiosis different then prophase of mitosis? / Synapsis – formation of tetrads, pairing of homologous chromosomes
51. What is a tetrad? When do they form? / 4 chromatids, 2 sets of sister chromatids, pairing of homologous chromosomes
52. What type of cells are created by meiosis? / Gametes, sex cells, haploid
53. What is synapsis? When does it occur and what can it lead to? / Pairing of homologous chromosomes, prophase I of meiosis, crossing over
54. What is genetic recombination? / (variety) Results from crossing over (exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes), independent assortment and fertilization
55. What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction? / a- no partner (clones -)
s – genetic variety (partner, risk of stds -)