APES Botkin Ch. 18 and 19 Study Guide (ignore pg. numbers)

III. KEY VOCABULARY Chapter 18

groundwater

surface water

vadose zone

aquifer

runoff

perennial stream

ephemeral stream

water budget

overdraft

desalination

channelization

floodplain

riparian habitat

wetlands

sinkhole

watershed

IV. LEARNING TARGETS Chapter 18

2. Describe the properties of water that make it unlike other liquids.

3. How much water on Earth is fresh water? (Look at Table 20.1). How much of the total fresh water is stored in ice caps and glaciers? (You will have to do a percent calculation for this. Show your work and write the answer in a complete sentence. Which location has the shortest residence time? Which has the longest?

4. Study Figure 20.3 and read pages 392-393 carefully. Make a sketch that shows all of the following: recharge zones, influent stream, water table, aquifer, vadose zone, a well, and an effluent stream.

5. Briefly describe the groundwater situation in the U.S. What is overdraft? Why is groundwater considered to be a nonrenewable resource?

6. Explain why desalinization is NOT a practical solution to water shortages in the U.S. What countries ARE using desalinization and how can they afford it? (You’ll have to blackle this.)

7. Read “A Closer Look 20.1” on page 396 and study Figure 20.7. What causes the water table to lower? What causes sinkholes? Did you know that a Florida man is currently lost (as of 3/14/13) when a sinkhole swallowed up his bedroom (on 2/28/13)? Have you ever seen a sinkhole?

8. Read page 397 carefully and study Figure 20.9. What happened to the Aral Sea in Kazakhstan and Ubekistan?

9. List at least 5 ways agricultural water can be conserved.

10. List at least 5 ways domestic water can be conserved. Come up with an additional 2 ways that you can save water that are not on the list.

11. List at least 5 functions of wetlands. Name the location of one wetland restoration project in San Diego County.

12. Read “A Closer Look 20.2” on page 408. Describe the pros and cons of building the Three Gorges Dam. (By the way, the Three Gorges Dam has been completed since your book was published.)

13. What is channelization? Describe at least 3 negative consequences of channelization.

14. Why do people choose to live on floodplains? Describe at least 3 negative consequences of living on floodplains. Did you know that most of Mission Valley is a flood plain?

15. Read Section 20.10 carefully. This is OUR (Southern California’s) case study!

a. Describe the changes to the hydrology of the Colorado River that resulted from building the Glen Canyon Dam.

b. Since 1996, the U.S. government has attempted to improve the river’s ecosystem. What have they done and how has it improved the ecosystem?

c. Where does the Colorado River originate? (What state?) What states does it flow through? (Look at the map!) Have you ever been to the Colorado River?

V. KEY VOCABULARY Chapter 19

B.O.D.

coliform bacteria

point source

non-point source

eutrophication

primary treatment

secondary treatment

advanced treatment bioremediation a b

domestic water use

indirect water reuse

sediment pollution

acid mine drainage

VI. LEARNING TARGETS Chapter 19

2. What is B.O.D. and what type of pollutant causes it? What is the relationship between B.O.D. and D.O.?

3. Make a chart with three columns: Water pollutant, Source(s), and Effects. Include the following pollutants: heavy metals (e.g. mercury), radioactive isotopes, heat, fecal coliform bacteria, nutrients (e.g. phosphorous, nitrogen, sodium), pathogens (disease-causing bacteria and viruses), oil, sediment, and acid mine drainage. (This should mostly be review!)

4. Briefly describe what happened

a. in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in April 1993

b. in Walkerton, Ontario, in May 2000

c. in Medical Lake, Washington, in 1971.

5. What is eutrophication? What is the end result of eutrophication?

6. What is an oligotrophic lake?

7. Briefly describe the causes and effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska, the Jessica oil spill in Ecuador and the Deepwater Horizon disaster in the Gulf of Mexico.

8. How does sediment pollute the water?

9. How is acid mine drainage created? What acids are usually formed?

10. What makes surface water pollution different from ground water pollution? Compare and contrast the sources and remediation of surface water pollution and ground water pollution.

11. List two ways that rural wastewater treatment differs from urban centralized wastewater treatment.

12. Read A Closer Look 21.2 on p. 437. Do you drink the water out of your tap? Do you have a filter under the sink? Do you know if your tap water is chlorinated? What common waterborne diseases are eliminated using chlorine?

13. List and describe the four steps of water treatment: primary, secondary, advanced, chlorine: how is each step performed and which pollutant is the target for treatment?

14. In San Diego some wastewater is dumped directly into the ocean. And some of it is used in a conservation plan. List the three ways that wastewater can be reused (but not for domestic use). What color is the delivery system for “recycled” water?

15. How is wastewater “treated” in a wetland? Which pollutants can be removed?