GS 108 Oceanography Lecture Exam 3 Study Objectives

**PLEASE BRING A SCAN-TRON AND PENCIL FOR YOUR EXAM!!!!!**

Use this study guide, your notes, and your textbook to help prepare for this exam.

*Remember to set aside plenty of QUALITY study time, and continually review*

Chapter 12: Life in the Ocean

  • List the 7 characteristics of living things
  • List the 3 domains and 5 kingdoms
  • Know the Linnaean taxonomic levels (K, P, C, O, F, G, S)
  • What is plankton? What are the various types of plankton?
  • Describe nektonic organisms
  • Describe benthic organism
  • Understand why there are more land species than marine. Understand why there are more benthic organisms compare to pelagic ones.
  • Be able to describe the adaptations organisms use when living in the ocean (physical support, viscosity, temperature, salinity, dissolved gases, transparency, and pressure)
  • Why is there a larger temperature range on land compared to open ocean?
  • Know the terms sternothermal, eurythermal, sternohaline, and euryhaline
  • Describe the process of diffusion and osmosis. Why are these concepts important to marine organisms?
  • Know and understand the concepts of hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic.
  • Describe the basic process of how fish use gills to exchange respiratory gases (CO2 and O2)
  • What is the deep scattering layer?
  • Know the general divisions of the marine environment
  • Pelagic (epipelagic, mesopelagic, bathypelagic, abyssopelagic)
  • Benthic (supralittoral, subneritic, suboceanic)

Chapter 13: Primary Productivity

  • What is primary productivity?
  • Know the differences between photosynthesis and cellular respiration
  • Understand how two main factors can affect primary productivity (nutrients and light)
  • Describe the relationship between upwelling, productivity, and coastal regions
  • Outline the major photosynthesizing organisms found in the ocean
  • Seed plants
  • Macroscopic algae
  • Microscopic algae
  • Photosynthetic bacteria
  • Describe what causes red tides, and their impact on food webs
  • What is eutrophication? What causes it, and what are the impacts it has on marine ecosystems?
  • Be able to compare and contrast productivity between the poles, tropics, and temperate latitudes.
  • Describe how energy flows through marine ecosystems
  • Define the terms: producer, consumer, decomposer, autotroph, heterotroph, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores.
  • Describe how nutrients flow through ecosystems
  • What are the various feeding mechanisms used by marine animals?
  • Discuss the efficiency (or lack thereof) of energy transfer
  • Discuss the issues that are facing marine fisheries

Chapter 14: Animals of the Pelagic Environment

  • Describe the various adaptations pelagic animals have for their environment
  • Staying afloat
  • Swimming
  • Seeking prey
  • Mobility
  • Speed
  • Thermoregulation
  • Bioluminescence
  • Avoiding predators
  • Schooling
  • Symbiosis (commensalism, mutualism, parasitism)
  • Others (speed, poison, mimicry, transparency, camouflage, countershading)
  • What are the characteristics that define a mammal?
  • Be able to give an example for each of the three orders of marine mammals
  • Carnivore
  • Sirenia
  • Cetacean

Chapter 15: Animals of the Benthic Environment

  • Describe the reason for zonation in rocky shore ecosystems
  • What are some organisms and their adaptations that are found in the:
  • Supratidal zone (spray)
  • High tide zone
  • Middle tide zone
  • Low tide zone
  • Describe the physical environment of the sandy shore?
  • What are some of the organisms and their adaptations that are found on/in sandy beaches?
  • What are some organisms and their adaptations of rocky bottom (subtidal) ecosystems?
  • Kelps, lobsters, oysters
  • Describe what corals are (polyps, symbionts, carbon skeletons)
  • Where are corals normally found in the world’s oceans?
  • Describe the importance of corals and coral reefs.
  • Describe the factors that are affecting the health of coral reefs
  • Bleaching
  • Diseases
  • Human activity
  • Discuss the physical characteristics of the deep ocean
  • Where do animals that live in the deep ocean get their food?
  • How is chemosynthesis different from photosynthesis? Similar?

Chapter 11: The Coastal Ocean

  • Describe the two types of coastal wetlands (salt marshes and mangrove swamps)
  • Why are coastal wetlands so valuable? What threats are they facing?
  • Discuss the impacts of the various types of pollution in the ocean
  • Petroleum
  • Sewage sludge
  • DDT and PCB’s
  • Mercury
  • Non-point pollution and trash
  • Describe how mercury and other organic toxins accumulate in food webs (bioaccumulation/biomagnification)
  • Discuss the impacts of non-native species