Grammar Lessons Table of Contents
Parts of Speech
1. Nouns: Singular, Plural, Collective
2. Nouns: Proper and Common; Concrete and Abstract
3. Pronouns: Personal and Possessive; Reflexive and Intensive
4. Pronouns: Interrogative, Relative, Demonstrative, Indefinite
5. Verbs: Action; Transitive and Intransitive
6. Verbs: Linking
7. Verb Phrases
8. Adjectives
9. Adverbs
10. Prepositions
11. Conjunctions: Coordinating, Correlative, and Subordinating
12. Interjections
13. Parts of Speech Review
14. Cumulative Review: Parts of Speech
Parts of a sentence
1. Simple Subjects/Simple Predicates
2. Complete Subjects/ Complete Predicates
3. Compound Subjects/ Compound Predicates
4. Order of Subject and Predicate
5. Complements: Direct and Indirect Objects
6. Subject Complements/Object Complements
Phrases and Clauses
7. Prepositional Phrases
8. Participle and Participial Phrases
9. Gerunds and Gerund Phrases
10. Appositives and Appositive Phrases
11. Infinitives and Infinites Phrases
12. Distinguishing Phrases
13. Main and Subordinate Clauses
14. Simple and Compound Sentences
15. Complex and Compound Sentences
16. Adjective Clauses
17. Adverb Clauses
18. Noun Clauses
Types of Sentences
19. Declarative and Imperative
20. Interrogative and Exclamatory
21. Sentence Fragments
22. Run-on Sentences
Verb Tenses and Voice
23. Regular Verbs: Principal Parts
24. Irregular Verbs: Principal Parts
25. Tense of Verbs: Past, Present, Future
26. Perfect Tenses: Present, Past, Future
27. Active and Passive Voice
Subject/Verb Agreement
28. Subject/Verb Agreement
29. Subject/Verb Agreement and Intervening Prepositional Phrases
30. Subject/Verb Agreement and Linking Verbs
31. Subject/Verb Agreement in Inverted Sentences
32. Subject/Verb Agreement and Special Subjects
33. Subject/Verb Agreement and Compound Subjects
34. Subject/Verb Agreement and Intervening Expressions
35. Subject/Verb Agreement and Indefinite Pronouns as Subjects
Using Pronouns Correctly
36. Personal Pronouns: Case
37. Pronouns With and As Appositives; After Than and As
38. Who and Whom in Questions and Subordinate Clauses
39. Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement in Number and Gender
40. Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement in Person
41. Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement with Indefinite Pronoun Antecedents
42. Clear Pronoun Reference
Using Modifiers Correctly
43. Three Degrees of Comparison: Positive, Comparative, Superlative Forms
44. Modifiers: Irregular Comparisons
45. Using Good or Well; Bad or Badly
46. Double Negatives
47. Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
48. Parallel Structure
Usage
49. A to Altogether
50. Amount to Could of
51. Different from to Regardless
52. This Kind to Reason is because
53. Respectfully to where at
Grammar Lessons Table of Contents
Parts of Speech
1. Nouns: Singular, Plural, Collective
2. Nouns: Proper and Common; Concrete and Abstract
3. Pronouns: Personal and Possessive; Reflexive and Intensive
4. Pronouns: Interrogative, Relative, Demonstrative, Indefinite
5. Verbs: Action; Transitive and Intransitive
6. Verbs: Linking
7. Verb Phrases
8. Adjectives
9. Adverbs
10. Prepositions
11. Conjunctions: Coordinating, Correlative, and Subordinating
12. Interjections
13. Parts of Speech Review
14. Cumulative Review: Parts of Speech
Parts of a sentence
1. Simple Subjects/Simple Predicates
2. Complete Subjects/ Complete Predicates
3. Compound Subjects/ Compound Predicates
4. Order of Subject and Predicate
5. Complements: Direct and Indirect Objects
6. Subject Complements/Object Complements
Phrases and Clauses
7. Prepositional Phrases
8. Participle and Participial Phrases
9. Gerunds and Gerund Phrases
10. Appositives and Appositive Phrases
11. Infinitives and Infinites Phrases
12. Distinguishing Phrases
13. Main and Subordinate Clauses
14. Simple and Compound Sentences
15. Complex and Compound Sentences
16. Adjective Clauses
17. Adverb Clauses
18. Noun Clauses
Types of Sentences
19. Declarative and Imperative
20. Interrogative and Exclamatory
21. Sentence Fragments
22. Run-on Sentences
Verb Tenses and Voice
23. Regular Verbs: Principal Parts
24. Irregular Verbs: Principal Parts
25. Tense of Verbs: Past, Present, Future
26. Perfect Tenses: Present, Past, Future
27. Active and Passive Voice
Subject/Verb Agreement
28. Subject/Verb Agreement
29. Subject/Verb Agreement and Intervening Prepositional Phrases
30. Subject/Verb Agreement and Linking Verbs
31. Subject/Verb Agreement in Inverted Sentences
32. Subject/Verb Agreement and Special Subjects
33. Subject/Verb Agreement and Compound Subjects
34. Subject/Verb Agreement and Intervening Expressions
35. Subject/Verb Agreement and Indefinite Pronouns as Subjects
Using Pronouns Correctly
36. Personal Pronouns: Case
37. Pronouns With and As Appositives; After Than and As
38. Who and Whom in Questions and Subordinate Clauses
39. Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement in Number and Gender
40. Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement in Person
41. Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement with Indefinite Pronoun Antecedents
42. Clear Pronoun Reference
Using Modifiers Correctly
43. Three Degrees of Comparison: Positive, Comparative, Superlative Forms
44. Modifiers: Irregular Comparisons
45. Using Good or Well; Bad or Badly
46. Double Negatives
47. Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
48. Parallel Structure
Usage
49. A to Altogether
50. Amount to Could of
51. Different from to Regardless
52. This Kind to Reason is because
53. Respectfully to where at
Parts of Speech Lesson 1
Nouns: Singular, Plural, and Collective
Name ______Class _____
A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. A singular noun names one person, place, thing or idea, and a plural noun names more than one. Most plural nouns are formed by adding –s to the singular form. Words that end in ch, sh, s, x or z form the plural by adding –es. Words that end in a consonant and y form the plural by changing y to I and adding –es. Some plurals are formed irregularly, for example, child, children; foot, feet; mouse, mice. Some singular and plural forms are the same for example, sheep, deer, series.
SINGULARPLURALSINGULARPLURAL
Person:childchildrenThing:pianopianos
Place:cornercornersIdea: religionreligions
A collective noun names a group. A collective noun is singular when it refers to the group as a whole. It is plural when it refers to the individual members of a group.
The jury is still deliberating. (singular)The jury are arguing loudly. (plural)
Exercise: Underline each noun in the following sentences. Write S above each singular noun and P above each plural noun. Write C if it’s collective.
Congress debated the issue and approved the bill defining consumer rights.
- My parents expect us children to help with the housework.
- She probably has more self-confidence than any of my other friends.
- The principal congratulated the class on its performance.
- Her favorite team lost in the playoffs.
- The paintings were in the new section of the museum.
- Before we could paint the house, we had to scrape off the old paint.
- The eerie music during the play added to the atmosphere of the mystery.
- The awful smell from the laboratory reached to the gym.
- One panel gave a presentation about democracy.
- That girl works at the store on the corner.
- Choose 15 singular nouns from the sentences above and write the plural forms.
______
______
______
______
______
- Write three sentences about a concert or performance you have seen. Use at least three collective nouns in your sentences.
______
______
Parts of Speech Lesson 2
Nouns: Proper and Common; Concrete and Abstract
Name ______Class ______
A proper noun is noun that names a particular person, place, thing, or idea. A proper noun begins with a capital letter. A common noun is the general name of a person, place, thing, or idea.
PROPERCOMMON
Person:Uncle Aluncle
Place:Dominican Republiccountry
Thing: Schindler’s Listmovie
Idea: (the) Renaissanceera
Exercise: Underline each noun. Write P if it’s proper and C if it’s common.
Pedro is taking his little brother to Wrigley Field to see the baseball game.
- The World Cup is the most popular sporting event in the world.
- In 1994 the tournament was held in the United States.
- In every city where a game was played, fans of each country cheered their players.
- Solder Field in Chicago rocked to the cheers of Germans and Bolivians.
- Fans of Nigeria, champions of Africa, pounded drums to spur their team to victory.
- Only 16 teams advanced to the second round of the World Cup.
- Several games were decided by a “shoot-out,” in which a single player challenges the goalkeeper.
- The United States put up a good fight against Brazil but lost by a score of 1-0.
- Brazil, led by goalscorers Romario and Bebeto, advanced to the final by edging Sweden.
- More than two billion soccer fans around the world watched the final game on television.
A concrete noun names an object that occupies space or can be recognized by any of the senses. An abstract noun names an idea, quality, or characteristic.
Concrete: sneeze, star, explosion, hedgehog, chimney
Abstract: politeness, ability, honesty, love, beauty
Exercise: Write con. above each concrete noun, and abs. above each abstract noun.
Bob admires people who practice modesty.
- Sheila likes to plant and care or flowers.
- Ruth and Joe have shown their devotion to this company.
- Claire’s new bicycle impressed her neighbors.
- The coach reminded his players of the necessity for good sportsmanship.
- Thoughtfulness is always appreciated.
- Mr. Fernandez is teaching us about great world leaders.
- Sunee has empathy for Roger because se has gone through a similar experience.
- I always enjoy visiting Mexico and Canada, although they have few similarities.
- Brad and Caroline hosted a reception for the new exchange student.
- Jealousy can be extremely destructive.
Parts of Speech Lesson 3
Pronouns: Personal and Possessive; Reflexive and Intensive
Name ______Class ______
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun, a group of words acting as a noun, or another pronoun. A personal pronoun refers to a specific person or thing and can be either singular or plural. The first person indicates the person speaking. The second person indicates the person being addressed. The third person indicates the person or thing being discussed.
SINGULARPLURAL
First personI, mewe, us
Second personyouyou
Third personhe, himthey, them
She, her, it
We are aware that you are bringing them to the party.
A possessive pronoun indicates possession or ownership. It takes the place of the possessive form of a noun.
SINGULARPLURAL
First personmy, mineour, ours
Second personyour, yoursyour, yours
Third personhis, her, hers, itstheir, theirs
My coat and your bookbag are in her locker.
A reflexive pronoun refers to a noun or another pronoun and indicates that the same person or thing is involved. It goes after the verb. An intensive pronoun adds emphasis to a noun or another pronoun. It typically follows the noun or pronoun.
SINGULARPLURAL
First personmyselfourselves
Second personyourselfyourselves
Third personhimself, herself, itselfthemselves
Reflexive: I bought myself a pair of jeans. Intensive: I myself bought a pair of jeans.
Exercise 1: Underline each pronoun
She glanced in the mirror and saw him behind her.
- I could tell it made no sense to her at all.
- Can you imagine how they felt when they saw them?
- We told her we wanted to do it ourselves.
- Randall couldn’t tell theirs from yours.
- Did you double-check your answers as they did?
- I myself will perform the leading role in the play.
- Its shine and softness make the material very popular.
- They still had one difficult task in front of them.
- Jas forgot to bring his volleyball, so we had to use theirs.
- Cars area lot smaller than the used to be.
Exercise 2: Identify what type of pronoun is in italics. Write per. for personal; poss. for possessive; ref. for reflexive; and int. for intensive. Then write S if the pronoun is singular and Pl. if it is plural.
______I’m not sure she understands how important it is.
______1. The large book about Alaska is hers.
______2. The coach gave the speech herself.
______3. We planned to build it ourselves.
______4. What did he think they were doing?
______5. Nikki and I agreed their project was the best.
______6. That silly dog followed them all the way home.
Parts of Speech Lesson 4
Pronouns: Interrogative, Relative, Demonstrative, Indefinite
Name ______Class ______
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun, a group of words acting as a noun, or another pronoun. An interrogative pronoun is used to form a question.
whowhom whose what which
Which is the correct answer?
A relative pronoun is used to begin some subject-verb word groups called subordinate clauses.
whowhomwhosewhoeverwhomeverwhich
whicheverthatwhatwhosoeverwhatever
Maya is the student who wrote the article.
A demonstrative pronoun points out specific persons, places, things, or ideas.
thisthatthesethose
These are the most interesting videodiscs.
An indefinite pronoun refers to persons, places, or things in a more general way than a nouns does.
all botheverythingnoneseveral
anothereachfewno onesome
anyeithermanynothingsomebody
anybodyenoughmostonesomeone
anyoneeverybodyneitherothersomething
anythingeveryonenobodyothers
Few are ever found again.
Exercise 1: Underline each pronoun. In the blank, write int. if the pronoun is interrogative, rel. if it is relative, dem. If it is demonstrative, and ind. If it is indefinite.
Int.__ Who can answer this question?
_____ 1. What is the longest river in the United States?
_____ 2. In fact, the Missour is one of the longest rivers in the world.
_____ 3. The Ohio River and the Missouri River, which are tributaries of the Mississippi River, flow into the Mississippi at Cairo, Illinois, and St. Louis, Missouri.
_____ 4. These, along with other smaller rivers, help make up the MississippiRiver Basin.
_____ 5. St. Louis, Memphis, and New Orleans are several of the cities on the river.
_____ 6. A famous writer who is associated with the Mississippi River is Mark Twain.
_____ 7. The bustling life of the river was something Twain described in book after book.
_____ 8. Three books that are set on the river are Life on the Mississippi, Tom Sawyer, and Pudd’nhead Wilson.
_____ 9. Many literary critics believe that Huckleberry Finn is the finest American novel.
_____ 10. Perhaps there is a little Huck Finn in everybody.
Exercise 2: Complete each sentence by filling in an appropriate pronoun of the type indicated.
___this or that_____ is the subject for discussion. (demonstrative)
- The Zaire River, ______was known as the Congo River until 1971, flowsthrough west-central Africa. (relative)
- ______is the river that drains an area of the African continent known as the Congo Basin.(demonstrative)
- The area, ______is fed annually b a much as 100 inches of rainfall, covers 1.5 million square miles. (relative)
- The Zaire River, ______is 2,900 miles long, is of great importance to the people of the area. (relative)
- ______of the rivers in Africa is the longest? (interrogative)
Parts of Speech Lesson 5
Verbs: Action (Transitive/Intransitive)
Name ______Class ______
A verb is a word that expresses action or a state of being and is necessary to make a statement. An action verb tells what someone or something does. Some action verbs express physical action. Other action verbs express mental action. A transitive verb is an action verb that is followed b a word or words that answer the question what? or whom?
The dancer performed the most difficult movements. (The action verb performed is followed b the noun movements, which answers the question what?)
An intransitive verb is an action verb that is not followed by words that answer the question what? or whom?
The dancer performed gracefully. (the action verb performed is followed by a word that tells how.)
Exercise: Underline the verb in each sentence. In the blank, write T if the verb is transitive. Write I if the verb is intransitive.
__T_ Jaelyn followed the recipe carefully.
_____ 1. Kathleen Battle, the opera star, sings amazingly well.
_____ 2. My aunt plays Rugby every Sunday.
_____ 3. Everyone saw the horse with the beautiful saddle.
_____ 4. Beth finally heard that new song by the Ooglies.
_____ 5. The sound engineer recorded the bass and guitars first.
_____ 6. I never watch game shows on television.
_____ 7. The dolphin turned quickly and smoothly.
_____ 8. I turned the pages of the old book with care.
_____ 9. Salmon actually swim up rivers.
_____ 10. Carson’s dog eats almost anything.
_____ 11. My dad never drinks coffee with his meals.
_____ 12. Luis stayed at his grandmother’s house for three weeks in the spring.
_____ 13. The outfielder caught the ball near the wall.
_____ 14. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn returned to Russia in 1994.
_____ 15. Chen ran faster than anyone in the entire school.
_____ 16. Good detectives never reveal their theories.
_____ 17. The bloodhound smelled something on the old, dirty jacket.
_____ 18. Mr. Rossi ran the shop with an iron hand.
_____ 19. People called often during the holidays.
_____ 20. The mayor called just before dinner.
Parts of Speech Lesson 6
Verbs: Linking
Name ______Class ______
A linking verb links, or joins, the subject of a sentence (often a noun or pronoun) with a word or expression that identifies or describes the subject. Be in all its forms (am, is, are, was, were, been, being) is the most common linking verb. Other linking verbs include look, sound, feel, grow, remain, stay, seem, appear, become, and taste.
I am a soldierBananas were plentiful.
The opera sounded wonderful.She felt sad.
Exercise 1: Place a check in the blank next to each sentence whose main verb is a linking verb.
_____ Fiona is Irish.
_____ 1. Irish Americans are one of the largest immigrant groups.
_____ 2. The total number is almost ten times the number of people in the country of Ireland today.
_____ 3. Irish immigrants came to this country very early in its history.
_____ 4. The large number of people caused a rise in the poverty level.
______5. In 1945 a terrible potato famine struck Ireland.
______6. Most Irish immigrants settled in the large cities of the Northeast.
______7. The Irish had an advantage over the other immigrants because they could speak English
______8 Irish Americans have made important contributions in many areas of American life and society.
______9. Irish American Eugene O’Neill, an outstanding dramatist, won the Nobel Prize in literature for his plays.
______10. Other famous Irish Americans were John Wayne, singer Bing Crosby, and Ronald Reagan, the former president.
Exercise 2: Underline the linking verb or verbs in each sentence. Then circle the word or words after the linking verb that identify or describe the subject.
This is the story of an American hero.
1. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was the thirty-fifth president of the United States.
2. Joseph and Rose Kennedy appeared eager to give their children every opportunity to