Goal 7.02: Analyze how different groups of Americans made economic and political gains in the Progressive Period.

  1. President Theodore Roosevelt (1901 – 1909)
  2. Promoted his ______: promise to treat both citizens and businesses fairly – protect consumers from the dangers of “bad” trusts, but also protect businesses from unreasonable labor demands
  3. Anthracite Coal Mine Strike (1902)
  4. 150,000 Pennsylvania coal miners went on strike for higher pay, reduced hours, and union recognition
  5. Roosevelt offered ______when the strike threatened to leave the nation without coal for the winter; union accepted, but mine owners refused
  6. Roosevelt threatened to seize the mines, forcing owners to the bargaining table
  7. In the end, miners got more pay and fewer hours, but owners were not required to recognize the miners’ union
  8. ______Act of 1903
  9. Banned railroads from giving rebates to “preferred” shippers – railroads had to charge everyone the same shipping rates
  10. Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) by giving it the ability to impose fines for violations
  11. US v. ______(1904)
  12. Three major railroads joined forces under a holding company called Northern Securities, essentially creating a dangerous monopoly
  13. Roosevelt sued, claiming a violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act
  14. 1904: Supreme Court ruled in Roosevelt’s favor, ordered breakup of Northern Securities
  15. ______Act of 1906
  16. Further strengthened the ICC by giving it the authority to set railroad rates rather than just regulate them
  17. Actually helped the railroads because the ICC worked with them to ensure railroads were profitable while also making it difficult for new railroads to enter the marketplace
  18. Department of Commerce & Labor created in 1903
  19. Even while opposing trusts, Roosevelt knew that supporting business interests was good for the nation’s economy
  20. Included the Bureau of ______, a branch which monitored businesses and advised them when their practices were of concern to the government so they could self-correct and avoid bad publicity of government intervention
  21. Food and drug reforms
  22. Upton Sinclair (1878 – 1968)
  23. Wrote ______ (1906) which exposed the horrific conditions within the meat-packing industry
  24. Public outcry prompted Roosevelt to push through food inspection reforms
  25. ______Inspection Act of 1906
  26. Required the inspection of meat sold through interstate commerce and required the United States Dept. of Agriculture (USDA) to set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plants
  27. Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
  28. Prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure or falsely labeled food and drugs
  29. Products containing drugs like alcohol, caffeine, or cocaine had to be labeled with contents and dosage
  30. Land Conservation
  31. Roosevelt supported conservation of the nation’s natural resources through limiting consumption
  32. Began to set aside millions of acres of public lands for national parks, forests, and wildlife preserves
  33. President William Howard Taft (1909 – 1913)
  34. Payne-Aldrich Tariff of 1909
  35. Progressives and Taft (but not most Republicans) supported lowering tariffs
  36. Taft tried to get a lower tariff passed, but ended up being forced to accept the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which actually raised tariffs on most goods
  37. This angered & disappointed Progressives, including Teddy Roosevelt, and badly hurt Taft’s reputation
  38. Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy (1909)
  39. Taft’s Secretary of the Interior, Richard Ballinger, was accused by head of the US Forest Service (and close friend of Roosevelt) Gifford Pinchot of corruption
  40. Taft’s Attorney General dismissed the charges, so Pinchot leaked his story to the press
  41. Taft fired the popular Pinchot, angering Progressives
  42. Ballinger was later cleared of any wrongdoing by congressional investigators
  43. Mann-Elkins Act of 1910
  44. Again increased the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission by giving it more regulatory control
  45. Added ______(telegraph & telephone companies) to the industries overseen by the ICC
  46. Taft the “Trustbuster”
  47. Roosevelt was perceived as being a more efficient trustbuster than Taft, but Taft actually prosecuted twice as many antitrust cases in his 1 term as president as Roosevelt did in 2 terms!
  48. US v. ______(1911)
  49. Supreme Court ruled that James Duke’s American Tobacco Co. had violated the Sherman Antitrust Act by establishing an illegal monopoly on the cigarette industry; Court ordered the company broken up
  50. The ______Bureau (created in 1912)
  51. Designed to protect children from abuse, both at home and in the workplace and to monitor orphanages, foster care, and adoptions
  52. First federal agency to be headed by a woman (Julia Lathrop)
  53. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911)
  54. Exit doors to the factory were kept locked from the outside to prevent employees from stealing
  55. When fire broke out, workers could not escape and 146 women workers died
  56. Public outrage led to major reforms in working conditions and building codes
  57. The ______Party
  58. Disappointed in Taft, Teddy decided to run for president once again in 1912, but the Republican Party nominated Taft
  59. Roosevelt formed his own Progressive Party, better known as the “Bull Moose” Party and ran as its candidate, splitting the Republican vote
  60. The Bull Moose platform of “New ______” supported a federal government which was powerful enough to regulate corporations
  61. Roosevelt was shot while campaigning, limiting his ability to appear in public over the last several weeks of the election
  62. Election of 1912
  63. Democratic Party nominated Progressive NJ governor (and political newcomer) Woodrow Wilson
  64. With the Republicans split, Wilson won the election fairly easily
  65. President Woodrow Wilson (1913 – 1921)
  66. Ran on the “New ______” platform: rather than empower government to regulate monopolies and trusts, simply destroy monopolies to ensure fair competition
  67. Believed in limited government, especially where the economy was concerned
  68. ______Amendment (1913)
  69. Created the federal tax on personal income
  70. US now taxed individuals rather than the states
  71. ______Amendment (1913)
  72. US Senators had been appointed by state legislatures, but after David Graham Phillips’ articles on corruption in the Senate, this Amendment changed the law to direct election of Senators by the people
  73. ______Tariff of 1913
  74. Wilson believed that competition with European companies would force American companies to produce better products more efficiently (cheaper)
  75. New tariff cut tariff rates in half, to about 30%
  76. ______Act of 1913
  77. Wilson revived the idea of having a “national bank”
  78. Required private banks to keep a portion of their deposits on reserve in federally run reserve banks to act as a cushion against unexpected losses; federal reserve banks would set national interest rates and regulate the amount of money in circulation, allowing them to control inflation and prevent recessions
  79. ______Commission created in 1914
  80. Created to monitor businesses
  81. Had the authority to investigate and issue cease-and-desist orders against businesses using unfair trade practices which hurt competition
  82. Not designed to breakup trusts, but rather to deter companies from using unethical practices
  83. ______Antitrust Act of 1914
  84. Banned agreements which required retailers who bought products from one company to stop selling products from competitors
  85. Required businesses to charge all customers the same price for a product
  86. Banned manufacturers from giving price discounts to retailers who bought larger volumes of goods
  87. Declared labor unions to be exempt from antitrust laws
  88. Keating-Owen ______Act of 1916
  89. Prohibited the employment of children under 14 in factories producing goods sold through interstate commerce
  90. Later struck down by the Supreme Court as being outside of federal jurisdiction
  91. ______Act of 1916
  92. Established the 8-hour workday for railroad workers, created overtime pay
  93. Passed by Congress to avoid a national railroad strike
  94. First US law to regulate the hours of workers in private industry
  95. Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916
  96. Created special federal banks to provide loans to farmers and small businesses
  97. Encouraged small businesses to compete with bigger rivals, thereby avoiding trusts and monopolies
  98. ______Amendment (1919)
  99. Growing support for the temperance (anti-alcohol) in the US led to a ban on the manufacture, transport, or sale of alcoholic beverages anywhere in the US
  100. Amendment was repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933
  101. ______Amendment (1920)
  102. Finally granted women suffrage (the right to vote) in federal elections
  103. Suffrage had been sought by women since the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848!
  104. Changes in state and local government
  105. Robert ______(1855 – 1925)
  106. Leader in Progressive reforms at the state level as governor of Wisconsin
  107. Developed the “Wisconsin idea” of applying scientific methods to the running of state government
  108. Changes in City Government
  109. Efficiency experts began calling for cities to be “managed” by experts rather than by politicians and their buddies
  110. Divided city services into departments, each headed by an expert in that field under the leadership of a hired city manager
  111. Voting Reforms
  112. ______: all party members vote for who will be nominated as a candidate rather than just party leadership
  113. ______: individual’s votes would be kept secret, not published
  114. ______allows citizens to vote directly on important issues rather than leave the issues in the hands of elected officials
  115. ______: allows voters to remove an elected official from office before their term is up
  116. ______: allows voters to force elected officials to vote on a certain issue