Global History Marking Period 5 Weeks 4 and 5
India – Gandhi, Independence, and Partition
Name:______
Website: http://sljglobal.wikispaces.com/ Write in your slogan: ______
Day 1: Wed 4/10 / Day 2: Thurs 4/11 / Day 3: Fri 4/12 / Day 4: Mon 4/15British Colonial Rule
Geography of India / Gandhi & civil disobedience
Watch Gandhi
College Overnight / Gandhi & civil disobedience
Watch Gandhi
College Overnight / Partition of India and Pakistan
CHINA MEMOIR DUE
Day 5: Tues 4/16 / Day 6: Wed 4/17 / Day 7: Thurs 4/18 / Day 8: Fri 4/19
Quiz on Unit 5, Sec. 7; Unit 6, Sec. 4; Unit 7, Sec. 4
(Everything on India)
India Today / Thematic Essay Review / Thematic Essay Unit Test: (100 pts) / Start Unit on Cold War around the World
Get ready for individual research!
Calendar and Agenda for Weeks 4 and 5 (subject to change):
Reminder: IF YOU’RE GOING ON THE COLLEGE OVERNIGHT TRIP: CHECK TO SEE WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE/MADE UP
Label the following:
Textbook pg. 191:
Himalayas
Arabian Sea
Bay of Bengal
Indo-Gangetic Plain
Thar Desert
As a group:
Monsoons
Languages:
Hindi
Bengali
Telugu
Marathi
Tamil
Urdu
English
Railroads
Population: 1,200,000,000 (Expected to be the most populous country in the world by 2025)
- 68% live on less than $2 per day
Timeline events (not included in packet):
1500s-1800s: Mughal Empire
1600s-1900s: British East India Company
1857: Sepoy Rebellion
1858: British Raj
1880s: Inidian National Congress
1906: Muslim League
1908: Gandhi jailed for first time in S.A.
1915: Gandhi returns to India as national hero
1919: Amritsar Massacre
1930s: Purna Swaraj & Salt March
1947: Indian Independence & Partition (including 12 million people migration)
1948: Gandhi assassinated
1950: Nehru elected president (bans discriminating against “untouchables” and gives rights to women
Multiple Choice Questions
1.) The 19th century term “White Man’s Burden” reflects the idea that
1. Asians and Africans were equal to Europeans
2. Asians and Africans would be grateful for European help
3. imperialism was opposed by most Europeans
4. Europeans had a responsibility to improve the lives of the colonial peoples
2.) The Sepoy Mutiny in India, the Boxer Rebellion in China, and the Islamic Revolution in Iran were similar in that they
1. restored power to the hereditary monarchies
2. attempted to reject the traditional cultures in these countries
3. resisted foreign influence in these countries
4. reestablished the power of religious leaders
Take up the White Man’s burden—
Send forth the best ye breed
Go bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives’ need;
To wait, in heavy harness,
On fluttered folk and wild—
Your new-caught, sullen peoples,
Half-devil and half-child.
--Rudyard Kipling, “The White Man’s Burden”
3.) The phrase “White Man’s burden” in this excerpt refers to the
1. negative attitude of Europeans toward peoples of the non-Western world
2. advantages Europeans would gain by colonizing Africa, Asia, and Latin America
3. positive role of the Roman Catholic Church in Africa and Asia
4. challenges non-Europeans faced when trading with the Europeans
4.) One result of British colonialism in India was that India
1. adopted a parliamentary system of government
2. developed religious unity
3. supported Western foreign policies in the United Nations
4. created programs to increase its population
5.) “When I go to the office, I put on my shirt and I take off my Caste; when I come home, I take off my shirt and I put on my Caste.”
What is the main idea of this quotation?
1. the Caste system continues to influence Indian society
2. the Caste system has been reflected by most Indians
3. successful urban workers in India belong the same Caste
4. the Indian government officially supports the Caste system
6.) The primary goal of the Indian National Congress (1855-1947) was to
1. reform the Hindu religion
2. partition India between Muslims and Hindus
3. create a socialist economy
4. gain independence from Great Britain
7.) Which event was used by Mohandas Gandhi to bring world attention to the injustices of British colonialism?
1. salt march
2. partition of India
3. Sepoy Mutiny
4. formation of the Indian parliament
8.) Since the 1950’s, India has experienced conflict with both Pakistan and China over
1. United Nations peacekeeping efforts in the region
2. India’s increasing trade with Korea
3. borders and related territorial issues
4. the interpretation of common religious works
9.) Which statement best reflects a belief of Mohandas Gandhi?
1. Muslims and Hindus must be separated if true peace is to come to India
2. India must adopt the British factory system
3. The caste system must remain an important cornerstone of Hindu society
4. India must achieve independence, but not at the expense of further dividing the Indian people
10.) Since India’s independence in 1947, the government has had the greatest success in
1. increasing overall food production
2. reducing the population
3. eliminating religious conflict
4. controlling industrial pollution
11.) One reason India gained its independence from Great Britain in 1947 was that
1. Great Britain was defeated in World War II
2. the Treaty of Versailles required Great Britain to give up its colonies
3. Great Britain did not have the resources to maintain an empire after World War II
4. India had supported the Axis Powers during World War II
12.) One similarity between the Sepoys in India, the Boxers in China, and the Mau Mau in Kenya is that these groups
1. tried to drive Europeans out of their countries
2. depended on Western support for their success
3. adopted Marxist economic and political principles
4. sought independence through nonviolence
13.) The “homespun movement” and the Salt March promoted by Mohandas Gandhi in India are examples of his policy of
1. industrialization
2. isolationism
3. nonalignment
4. nonviolent protest
14.) Which statement best explains why India was partitioned in 1947?
1. the British feared a united India
2. one region wanted to remain under British control
3. religious differences led to political division
4. communist supporters wanted a separate state
15.) During India’s independence movement, Mohandas Gandhi’s boycott of British-made products was effective because the British considered India a major
1. shipping center
2. industrial center
3. market for manufactured goods
4. source of mineral resources
16.) In India today, the continued discrimination based on caste illustrates
1. a commitment to a capitalist economic system
2. the gap between law and tradition
3. the influence of the Cold War on India
4. the declining role of religion in modern society
17.) The caste system is still practiced in India today primarily because it is
1. encouraged by village customs and traditions
2. enforced by the military
3. supported by Christian and Muslim teachings
4. mandated by law
“Indian National Congress Refuses To Support British War Effort”
“Indians Answer Call for the Production of Homespun Cloth”
“Indians Call for Boycott of Imported British Cloth”
18.) These three headlines all refer to
1. attempts by the native people to gain Indian independence
2. political reorganization in the British colonial empire
3. programs to increase India’s standard of living
4. the benefits of economic interdependence between Britain and India
19.) After World War II, the conflict between Hindus and Muslims in India resulted in the
1. near genocide of the Hindu population
2. creation of the Muslim state of Pakistan
3. forced removal of most Hindus from northern and western India
4. decision of Mohandas Gandhi to seek election as Prime Minister of India
20.) A sense of national unity has been difficult to maintain in India because of
1. its reliance on foreign aid
2. the emergence of a mixed economic system
3. the continuing influence of militarism
4. the desire of religious groups for greater autonomy
British Colonial Rule
For much of its history the Mughal Dynasty ruled India. Like the Chinese emperors, they were able to unify India and build a rich and powerful society. During the 1600s British and French traders established trading posts in India. They competed with each other and hired local Indians to fight on their behalf. These Indian troops were called sepoys and they would help expand Great Britain’s and France’s spheres of influence in India. Eventually the British traders – who were part of the British East India Company – were able to mostly push the French traders out of India. Additionally, the British were able to convince the Mughal Emperor to collect taxes on Indian citizens in northeast India. Soon, the real power in the region was the British East India Company. Much like the Chinese emperors, the Mughals became ineffective and weak.
In 1847 many of the sepoys the British East India Company hired were upset because they were asked to do things that went against their religion. The sepoys – who were mostly Muslim and Hindu – attempted to fight against the British in the Sepoy Mutiny, but the British quickly crushed the rebellion. The Hindus and Muslims were unable to fully unite and some sepoys fought with the British (those of the Sikh faith). Although unsuccessful, the mutiny created a sense of nationalism across India. This caused the British Government to take control away from the British East India Company and rule India directly as a colony. This time of British control is known as the British Raj.
In the 1880s a small group of wealthy Indians formed a group called the Indian National Congress. Its purpose was to discuss and debate British policies and rule, but by the early 1900s the organization wanted full Indian independence. In 1906 a group of Muslim leaders split off from the Indian National Congress, which had mostly Hindu leaders, in order to form the Muslim League, whose goals were to protect the rights and interests of Muslim Indians.
During World War I almost 1 million Indians served on the side of the Allies (Great Britain, France, U.S.). Many Indians died during the war, so Britain promised India greater self-governance, however the British failed to deliver this promise. With growing resentment toward the British, many Indians were organizing in protest and even attacking British citizens living in India. As a result, the British banned public meetings. In April, 1919 a large group of Indians assembled in the city of Amritsar. British troops shot into the large crowd killing approximately 400 Indians and wounding 1,200 in what is known as the Amritsar Massacre.
The British brought some good things with them: railroads were expanded, a mailing system developed, irrigation for farming was improved, education was expanded, and certain customs that threatened human rights were ended. However, the British also introduced negative things, too: crops for food were replaced by cash crops, top government jobs went to British citizens, Indian resources were used for Great Britain, and Indians were treated as inferior.
Mohandas Gandhi: The Mahatma
Mohandas Gandhi was born in western India in 1869 into a family with a father who was a high ranking local official. Growing up, he was taught to be accepting of all faiths and not to look down on anyone based on their religion. At the age of 13 he was married to his wife, Kasturba, through an arranged marriage. His family encouraged him to become a barrister – a courtroom lawyer – so that one day he could fill his father’s position. Though Gandhi was not a great student, he managed to travel to London in 1888 to study law. In London, Gandhi became interested in religion and studied Buddhist and Hindu texts, which would have a huge impact on his later philosophies. Three years later Gandhi returned to India to practice law, though his firm soon failed. Eventually Gandhi agreed to take a job in South Africa – then part of the British Empire – working for Indian traders, many of whom were Muslim.
While in South Africa Gandhi would develop many of his political views, philosophies, and leadership skills. When Gandhi first arrived he experienced the hardships Indians were facing in South Africa. He was thrown off of a train, twice, and was refused service at various hotels. He saw South African Indians experiencing the prejudice of apartheid and began questioning his people’s place in the British Empire. One of his earliest protests was a mass burning of registration documents that all Indians were required to carry with them at all times. For this Gandhi was put in prison for the first time.
This form of non-violent protest was called Satyagraha: to fight against a law using love and peace as opposed to violence. This type of protest is an example of civil disobedience (the act of purposely disobeying the laws or commands of a government or occupying power). After many years Gandhi was able to secure a compromise from the South African government. Able to successfully unite Indians of different religions and social classes in South Africa, Gandhi returned to India in 1915 as somewhat of a national hero. Many Indians wanted India to become independent and saw Gandhi as someone who could unite and lead them to independence.
When Gandhi returned, the Indian National Congress recruited him. Gandhi, however, knew very little about the politics or issues of India since he spent very little time there during his life. By 1920, however, Gandhi became the leader of the party. He was able to not only gain the support of Hindus, which was a majority of the Indian population, but also Muslims, which were the second largest religious group in India. This was significant because, historically, Hindus and Muslims have been in violent conflict.
One of Gandhi’s campaigns was the boycott of foreign-made goods, especially British goods. He advocated that instead of wearing British made clothes, Indians create their own clothes using homespun cloth (cloth that one makes in their own home). Civil disobedience became very popular across India, however it also had unintended consequences. Violence also spread and many Indians were severely hurt, even killed, during the non-violent protests. As a result, Gandhi called off the campaign and was imprisoned for two years. Without his leadership, the National Indian Congress began to divide and the tensions between Hindus and Muslims began to escalate, again. Gandhi spent much of the 1920s trying to re-unify his party and ease the tensions between Hindus and Muslims. To try and accomplish this, Gandhi wouldn’t eat (fasting) for weeks at a time until demands were met.