Review Sheet 3
Chapter 12
Cell Cycle
Genome, chromosomes, and chromatin
Somatic cell and gametes
Sister chromatids and centromeres
Phases of the Cell Cycle
Interphase
G1 - Growth phase 1
S phase - DNA synthesis phase
G2 - Growth phase 2
M phase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
Subphases of Mitosis - know what happens in each subphase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Mitotic spindle
Centrosome
Kinetochore and Non-kinetochore microtubules
Metaphase
Metaphase plate
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow and cell plate
Cell cycle regulation
Checkpoints
Cyclins and Cyclin-dependent kinases
Cancer
Benign and malignant tumors
Metastasis
Chapter 13
Heredity, genes, variation and genetics
Asexual and sexual reproduction
Sex chromosomes and autosomes
Homologous chromosomes
Locus
Diploid and haploid
Three different types of life cycles and organisms that they occur in
Alternation of generation - sporophyte, spores and gametophyte
Subphases of Meiosis
Meiosis I
Interphase I
Prophase I
Synapsis
Tetrads
Chiasmata
Crossovers
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I and Cytokinesis
Meiosis II
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
At which subphase of meiosis do sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes separate?
Three sources of genetic variation
Chapter 14
Gregor Mendel
Character and Trait
Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses
P, F1 and F2 generations
Law of Segregation
Alleles
Two inherited, one from each parent
Dominant and recessive alleles
Segregation during gamete production
Law of Independent Assortment
Homozygous and heterozygous
Phenotype and genotype
Testcross - know how to do the Punnett squares
Complete dominance, incomplete dominance and codominance
Multiple alleles
Pleiotropy, epistasis, and polygenic inheritance
Nature vs. Nurture
Pedigrees and carriers
Recessively inherited disorders
Dominantly inherited disorders
Polygenic disorders
Chapter 15
Wild type and mutant
Sex-linked and linked genes
Recombination - parental types and recombinants
Genetic mapping - cytological and linkage maps
Sex determination systems
Sex-linked inheritance and disorders
X inactivation and Barr bodies
Nondisjunctions and aneuploidy
Trisomy and monosomy
Polyploidy
Chromosomal structural alterations
Chapter 16
Griffiths
Hershey-Chase
Chargaff and his rules
Watson-Crick
The Double Helix
DNA Replication
Semiconservative model
Origin of Replication
Replication fork
DNA polymerase, ligase, primase, helicase, and single-strand binding proteins
Antiparallel - 5' to 3'
Leading strand, lagging strand, and Okasaki fragments
DNA Repair
Mismatch repair
Excision repair
Nuclease
Telomeres and telomerases
Chapter 17
One gene - one polypeptide
Transcription
mRNA
Transcription unit
RNA polymerase
Stages of transcription
Initiation
Promoter, TATA box, transcription factors and transcription initiation complex
Elongation
Termination
RNA processing
End alteration - 5' cap and poly(A) tail
Splicing
Primary transcript, introns and exons
Spliceosome
Template strand
Triplett code and codons
Translation
Transfer RNA and anticodons
Ribosomes - ribosomal RNA, P site, A site and E site
Initiation
Elongation
Codon recognition
Peptide bond formation
Translocation
Termination
Polyribosomes
Signal peptides and signal recognition particle
Mutations
Point mutations
Base-pair substitutions - silent, missense and nonsense mutations
Insertions and deletions - frameshift mutation
Mutagens