NAME______
Genetics, Birth Defects, and Reproduction
Unit #2
A. Identify Heredity and Environmental Factors influencing birth defects1. Analyze the influences and effects of genetics and heredity
2. Identify the differences between heredity and environment
3. Define recessive and dominant gene
4. Identify benefits for genetic counseling
B. Explain Factors of Birth Defects1. Know Causes and Characteristics of downs syndrome, PKU, Muscular Dystrophy, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Neural Tube Defect, Cleft lip/Palate, and Club foot
STATE ASSIGNMENT: Complete the Unit 2 Study Guide to identify Heredity and Environmentalfactors influencing Birth Defects
C. Identify Lifestyle and EnvironmentalFactors influencing birth defects
Specify lifestyle factors that minimize environmental birth defects (drugs, alcohol, etc...)
Know the role of Folic Acid in the prevention of neural tube defects
Know the role of appropriate nutrition and weight gain during prenatal development
Know the role of prenatal testing in detecting birth defects (ultra sound, amniocentesis, CVS)
Know the importance of early prenatal and on-going prenatal care
Know how the Father’s diet, lifestyle, habit’s, and attitude play a big part in a healthy baby
D. Explain Correct Facts Concerning Reproduction and Conception1. Discuss appropriate ways to teach young children about sexuality
2. Review reproductive organs and the functions of each
3. Describe the reproductive process
E. Understand How Teens are Affected by Pregnancy1. Explain how a teen pregnancy affects the physical, emotional, financial, social, educational, and health aspects of both the male and female teen.
NAME______
Genetics, Birth Defects, and Reproduction
Unit #2
A. Identify Heredity and Environmental Factors influencing birth defects1. See Genetics and Heredity Attached Handout
2. Define and identify the difference between heredity and environmental influences.
Heredity is based upon your internal genetic make-up. Environmental is based upon influences in your
environment that surrounds you ie: people, chemicals, media, weather, experiences, etc…
Scenario: Sammy has brown eyes and is five years old. She attends a neighborhood preschool every day. Her teachers have fallen in love with her witty personality and honey-colored hair. She is very intelligent and does well with the tasks assigned to her. Sammy’s parents are divorced and she misses her father very much. Sammy has juvenile arthritis and must see the doctor often. At her last doctor’s visit, the doctor reminded Sammy’s mom that diabetes has run in her family for several generations and that Sammy should be watched closely for any early symptoms of diabetes. Sammy’s growth chart shows that she will probably be small for her age.
List the Heredity Influences in the above scenario:
brown eyes, personality, hair, intelligent, responsible, juvenile arthritis, diabetes, small for age
List the Environmental Influences in the above scenario:
Preschool, teachers, personality, responsible, divorce parents, emotions, doctor appointments
3. Determine the chances of passing on a genetic trait in the following situations.
A. The wife is blue-eyed and carries genes for blue eyes on both of the chromosome pairs. The husband is
brown eyed and carries a gene for brown eyes on one of the pairs and a gene for blue eyes on he other one of the
pairs. Complete the following grid to determine the chances for each of their children to be born with blue or
brown eyes. B = dominant brown gene b = recessive blue gene
Wifeb / Wife
b
Husband
B / Bb / Bb
Husband
b / bb / bb
There is a ______2______in four chance that the child will have brown eyes and carry a gene for blue eyes.
There is a ______2______in four chance that the child will have blue eyes and carry genes for only blue eyes.
B. The wife and the husband carry a gene for the recessive disease of sickle-cell anemia. They do not have the disease, but
they may pass it on to their children since they both are carriers. Both pairs of chromosomes must have the gene for a person
to have the recessive disease. Complete the following grid to determine the chances for each of their children to be born as
carriers or with sickle-cell anemia. r = recessive sickle-cell anemia gene n = normal gene not carrying sickle-cell anemia
Wifer / Wife
n
Husband
r / rr / rn
Husband
n / nr / nn
There is a ______1______in four chance that the child will have and carry a gene for sickle-cell anemia.
There is a ______2______in four chance that the child will not have, but will carry a gene for sickle-cell anemia
There is a ______1______in four chance the child will not carry a gene for and will not have sickle-cell anemia
B. Explain Factors of Birth Defects1. See Birth Defects Attached Handout
C. Identify Lifestyle and EnvironmentalFactors influencing birth defects1. See Lifestyle and Environment Attached Handout
D. Explain Correct Facts Concerning Reproduction and Conception1. What are 3 reasons for teaching children about sexuality?
Obtain correct facts of anatomy and physiology, clarify values an morals, improve communication, recognize destructive
elements in relationships, understand marriage infertility, avoid STD’s, Avoid rape, acceptance of own sexuality.
2. Tell appropriate ways to teach sexuality to children?
1. Begin teaching when children start asking questions
If a child has not started asking by 6 years old begin talking about it with them.
2. Always tell the truth
3. Use correct terminology.
4. Answer only the questions the child asks and in terms Theycan understand.
5. Always leave thedoor open for more discussion later.
6. Explain your moral standpoint as part of everydiscussion.
7. Remember that children are naturally curious about physical differences.
3. Refer to the Reproduction Diagram for the male and female reproductive organs and their functions
E. Understand how Teens are affected by pregnancy1. Complete the chart below
How Does Teen Pregnancy Affect: / FEMALE / MALEPhysically / Body is not yet mature and trying to finish its own growing.
More susceptible to diseases.
Many physical changes to body – some are not too attractive.
Body will not be a cute teenage body anymore.
Financially / Not completed education so future career is often jeopardized.
Babies are expensive and little income to provide.
Not a lot of money for the teen.
May need to depend upon government assistance. / Not completed education so future career is often jeopardized.
Babies are expensive and little income to provide.
Not a lot of money for the teen.
May need to depend upon government assistance.
Emotionally / Not fully developed emotionally.
Hormonal mood swings during teen years and now during pregnancy too.
Emotional stress is very high.
Baby is dependent upon teen at all times.
Teen doesn’t quite know who they are yet.
Still searching for their won independence. / Not fully developed emotionally.
Hormonal mood swings during teen years.
Emotional stress is very high.
Baby is dependent upon teen at all times.
Teen doesn’t quite know who they are yet.
Still searching for their won independence.
Socially / Not a lot of time for socializing.
Most friends do not want a baby dragged along to activities.
Babies cannot be conveniently taken to a lot of teen past-times. / Not a lot of time for socializing.
Most friends do not want a baby dragged along to activities.
Babies cannot be conveniently taken to a lot of teen past-times.
Educational / Limited access to an education so most do not finish high school.
College is expensive and childcare is a problem.
Entry level jobs do not pay very much and there is little hope for a high paying career. / Their education depends on how involved they are in the child.
Health Risks to the baby / Death rate for baby is 2x as high.
May cause low birthweight to baby.
Low birthweight babies may not have fully developed organs.
Higher death rate.
Infants have higher risk of birth defects and other complications.
May be affected by STD passed on from the Mom.
Health Risks to the Mother / Birth process is physically demanding a teen’s body is not prepared to meet those demands so complications may arise.
Death rate is higher for teen moms
STD’s can be fatal to mom.
Name______
HEREDITY and GENETICS
True or False Questions - fix the False answers
1. T Genes carry inherited traits that are passed on from generations to generations.
Hundreds of thousands of genes, which make up the traits of human beings, are carried on
every chromosome.
2. T The passing on of these traits from parent to child is called heredity
3. F Heredity influences such personal aspects as eye color, personality, and food preference (sex,hair,blood type)
4. T Dominant genes are stronger genes and recessive genes are weaker
5. T In the formation of a new individual where the genes are both recessive and dominant,
the dominant will always overpower.
6. T It is probable that a dominant brown-eyed mother and a recessive blue-eyed father will have a
brown-eyed child.
7. T It is probable that a child can have recessive light colored hair even though both of his parents
have dominant dark colored hair.
8. F The female sex cell is the ovum with XY(XY)chromosomes and the male sex cell is the sperm
with XX(XX)chromosomes
9. F Each sperm cell and ovum cell carries 23 chromosomes and when the egg is fertilized,
the sex cell equals 46 new eyes. (chromosomes)
10. T 50% of the chromosomes comes from the father, but he determines the sex of the child.
11. F Twitterpation (conception / fertilization)is the union of an ovum and a sperm or the beginning of
pregnancy.
12. F Fraternal non-identical multiple births that come from two different eggs will look identical.
(will lookalike, but not identical)
13. F Identical multiple births that come from one fertilized egg can be different sexes. (the same sex)
14. F Double jointed (Siamese / conjoined) twins are when the ovum splits apart but the separation is not
complete.
Birth Defects
Use the words to fill in the blanks
environment perinatal damage recessive mutated multi-factoral six guidelines amniocentesis sex-linkedsyndrome eggs fertilize metabolic defects congenital malformation dominant ultrasound sperm carrier
blood disorder birth defects genetic counseling check-ups chromosomal error miscarriage
DEFINE and Understand:
1. An abnormality of structure, function, or body metabolism which often results in a physical or mental handicap, a shorter life span, or is fatal. Birth Defects
2. Heredity (20%),environment (20%), and a combination of both (60%)
3. The first 6weeks of prenatal development is the most sensitive period for birth defects to an unborn baby.
METHODS OF INHERITANCE or CLASSIFICATION(use this information for your Birth Defect Chart)
4. The fertilized egg cell, which contains chromosomes in an abnormal number, structure/shape, or arrangement chromosal error
5. Reduced or missing blood component, or an inability to do its full share of the work. blood disorder
6. A condition that is present at birth where part of the body might be missing, misshapen, or duplicated. Congenital malformation
7. Factors, mainly environmental, that cause damage to the fetus before or during birth like infections, chemical substances, complications, and natural disorders of abnormalities. Perinatal damage
8. Diseases of the body chemistry that causes the inability of cells to produce necessary substances like enzymes or proteins or to carry substances from one place to another. Metabolic defects
9. When an X chromosome from mom is faulty, there is a 50/50 chance of the child inheriting the disorder. Sex linked / x-linked
10. The interaction of many genes with other genes or with environmental factors. Multi-factoral
RELATED TERMS TO KNOW
11. A person that carries and passes on a disease or condition without having it him/herself. carrier
12. When one parent is a carrier for a disorder or trait and they have a 50% chance of passing it on to the child. dominant
13. Both parents are carriers of the disorder or trait so there is 25% chance of the child inheriting abnormal genes and having
the disorder, a 25% chance of receiving normal genes, and a 50% chance of just being a carrier. recessive
MATERNAL AND PATERNAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE BIRTH DEFECTS
14. Name and explain 5 of the maternal factors that influence a baby having a birth defect
Age, # of kids, spacing from prior pregnancy, ethnicity, weight, health, diet, medical, immunizations……
15. Name and explain 3 paternal (father) factors that influence birth defects
Diet, habit, lifestyle, attitude, genetics, medical history
16. Women have all of the eggs / ova needed to create a child before they themselves are even born.
17. Men create new sperm about every 72 hours.
18. Sperm can become mutated due to the father’s environment, heredity or a combination of both., but even damaged
sperm can fertilize an egg and create a child.
19. Men should follow ALL guidelines given to a woman to prevent birth defects if they are sexually active.
ENVIRONMENTAL OR LIFESTYLE FACTORS THAT CAN CAUSE BIRTH DEFECTS
20. List 5 of these factors
STD’s, street drugs, medication, alcohol, radiation, exercise, stress, caffeine, lifestyle, attitude, radiation
21. Of all of the environmental and lifestyle factors presented, which are preventable? OR Which would be considered your fault?
Nutrition, substance abuse, STD’s, immunizations, parasites, radiation
MEDICAL CARE TO PREVENT AND/OR DETECT BIRTH DEFECTS
22. What form of medical care helps couples to understand their genetic codes and how they might affect their children? Genetic counseling
23. This is a test performed during pregnancy where a small amount of amniotic fluid is drawn out and examined to detect
chromosomal abnormalities. amniocentesis
24. High Frequency sound waves to locate the position, size, and structure of the fetus, and placenta in the womb. ultrasound
25. A pregnant woman should go to 13 prenatal check-ups before the baby is born and begin these by week 13 of her pregnancy to ensure a higher percentage of a healthy pregnancy.
26. A miscarriage is natures way of expelling a baby incapable of surviving.
27. List 5 actions on your own that you will take to prevent birth defects from happening to your future children.
BIRTH DEFECTS CAUSED BY LIFESTYLES AND ENVIROMENT
Match the words in the word bank with its definition.
General anesthetic active immunization shots weight gain rest and sleep blood type tobacco pollution malnutrition street drugs miscarriage toxins calorie intake rubella amniocentesis withdrawal low birth weight pre-natal doctor visits toxemia premature folic acid relaxation methods weeks food guide pyramid feeding a fetus medication radiation smoke alcohol still born sexually transmitted diseases rh factor fetal alcohol syndrome ultrasound sexually active caffeine 20 – 35 Birth defect
HEALTH AND NUTRITION
1. weight gain is the recommended amount for a pregnant woman who is 24-30 pounds.
2. calorie intake The recommended amount is 2500 calories for a pregnant woman vs. 2200 calories for the average pregnant woman.
3.feeding a fetus When it comes to distributing nutrients, the mom’s body takes her’s first and then the fetus scavenges for what nutrients are leftover.
4.food guide pyramid Follow this to ensure a pregnant person gets a proper diet and amounts of nutrients.
5. malnutrition This is the number one cause of birth defects.
6. folic acidLack of this nutrient contributes to a neural tube defect which will occur before the mom even knows she’s pregnant.
7. weeks The first 6 are the most crucial for development. Mom doesn’t even know she is pregnant.
8. active Maintain this lifestyle throughout the pregnancy.
9. relaxation methods These techniques will help you to stay relaxed and keep your heart rate down. This is good for the body.
10. rest and sleepGet a lot of this. Now is not the time to pull an all nighter.
11. general anesthetic Avoid this during pregnancy. The dentist and that cavity can wait.
12.rubellaAlso known as German Measles, does not affect the mom but will affect a developing fetus by causing them to be blind, deaf, retarded, or dead.
13. medication Only use this, in any form, under doctor’s care-even for a little headache or cold.
14. immunization shots Make sure these are up-to-date before you get pregnant to avoid any unwanted illness.
15. prenatal doctor visits Get this early on in the pregnancy and throughout it. Receive 13 check-ups before you deliver.
16. 20 – 35 Optimum age to have a baby is during these years.
17. blood type Know this and your RH type to prevent a blood incompatibility between you and your partner.
LIFESTYLE AND HABITS
18. sexually active If this is you, male or female, you should act, do and think as of you are pregnant so as not to harm the developing fetus. Better to be cautious then to harm your baby.