GENERAL EDITORS
JOHN BAILLIE
Principal, New College,
Edinburgh
JOHN T. McNEILL
Auburn Professor of Church History,
Union Theological Seminary,
New York
HENRY P. VAN DUSEN
President, Union Theological Seminary,
New York
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THE LIBRARY OF CHRISTIAN CLASSICS
VolumeI. / Early Christian Fathers. Editor: Cyril C. Richardson, Washburn Professor of Church History, Union Theological Seminary, New York.
II. / Alexandrian Christianity. Editors: Henry Chadwick, Regius Professor of Divinity and Canon of Christ Church, Oxford; J. E. L. Oulton, late Professor of Divinity, Trinity College, Dublin.
III. / Christology of the Later Fathers. Editor: Edward Rochie Hardy, Professor of Church History, Berkeley Divinity School, New Haven, Connecticut.
IV. / Cyril of Jerusalem and Nemesius of Emesa. Editor: William Telfer, formerly Master of Selwyn College, Cambridge.
V. / Early Latin Theology. Editor: S. L. Greeenslade, Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History and Canon of Christ Church, University of Oxford.
VI. / Augustine: Earlier Writings. Editor: J. H. S. Burleigh, Professor of Ecclesiastical History, University of Edinburgh, and Principal of New College, Edinburgh.
VII. / Augustine: Confessions and Enchiridion. Editor: Albert Cook Outler, Professor of Theology, Perkins School of Theology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas.
VIII. / Augustine: Later Works. Editor: John Burnaby, Fellow of Trinity College and formerly Regius Professor of Divinity, University of Cambridge.
IX. / Early Medieval Theology. Editor: George E. McCracken, Professor of Classical Languages, Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa.
X. / A Scholastic Miscellany: Anselm to Ockham. Editor: Eugene R. Fairweather, Associate Professor of Dogmatic Theology and Ethics, Trinity College, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
XI. / Nature and Grace: Selections from the Summa Theologica of Thomas Aquinas. Editor: A. M. Fairweather, Lecturer in Philosophy, University of Edinburgh.
XII. / Western Asceticism. Editor: Owen Chadwick, Master of Selwyn College and Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical History, University of Cambridge.
XIII. / Late Medieval Mysticism. Editor: Ray C. Petry, Professor of Church History, The Divinity School, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
XIV. / Advocates of Reform: From Wyclif to Erasmus. Editor: Matthew Spinka, Waldo Professor Emeritus of Church History, Hartford Theological Seminary, Hartford, Connecticut. [[@Page:iv]]
XV. / Luther: Lectures on Romans. Editor: Wilhelm Pauck, Professor of Church History, Union Theological Seminary, New York.
XVI. / Luther: Early Theological Works. Editor: James Atkinson, Canon Theologian of Leicester.
XVII. / Luther and Erasmus on Free Will. Editor: E. Gordon Rupp, Professor of Ecclesiastical History, University of Manchester.
XVIII. / Luther: Letters of Spiritual Counsel. Editor: Theodore G. Tappert, Schieren Professor of the Synod of New York and New England, Church History, Lutheran Theological Seminary, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
XIX / Melanchthon and Bucer. Editor: Wilhelm Pauck, Professor of Church History, Union Theological Seminary, New York.
XX.-XXI. / Calvin: Institutes of the Christian Religion. Editor: John T. McNeill, Auburn Professor Emeritus of Church History, Union Theological Seminary, New York.
XXII. / Calvin: Theological Treatises. Editor: J. K. S. Reid, Professor of Church Dogmatics, University of Aberdeen.
XXIII. / Calvin: Commentaries. Editor: Joseph Haroutunian, Professor of Systematic Theology, The Divinity School, University of Chicago.
XXIV. / Zwingli and Bullinger. Editor: G. W. Bromiley, Professor of Church History and Historical Theology, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California.
XXV. / Spiritual and Anabaptist Writers. Editors: George Huntston Williams, Winn Professor of Ecclesiastical History, The Divinity School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Angel M. Mergal, Professor of Theology, Evangelical Seminary of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico.
XXVI. / English Reformers. Editor: T. H. L. Parker, Vicar of Oakington, Cambridge, England.
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VOLUME XI
NATURE AND GRACE
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THE LIBRARY OF CHRISTIAN CLASSICS
Volume XI
NATURE
AND
GRACE
SELECTIONS FROM THE SUMMA THEOLOGICA
OF THOMAS AQUINAS
Translated and Edited by
A. M. FAIRWEATHER, M.A., S.T.M.
Lecturer in Philosophy
University of Edinburgh
Philadelphia
THE WESTMINSTER PRESS
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Published simultaneously in Great Britain and the United States of America
by the S.C.M. Press, Ltd., London, and The Westminster Press, Philadelphia.
First published MCMLIV
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number . . 54–10259
Printed in the United States of America
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GENERAL EDITORS’ PREFACE
The Christian Church possesses in its literature an abundant and incomparable treasure. But it is an inheritance that must be reclaimed by each generation. The Library of Christian Classics is designed to present in the English language, and in twenty-six volumes of convenient size, a selection of the most indispensable Christian treatises written prior to the end of the sixteenth century.
The practice of giving circulation to writings selected for superior worth or special interest was adopted at the beginning of Christian history. The canonical Scriptures were themselves a selection from a much wider literature. In the Patristic era there began to appear a class of works of compilation (often designed for ready reference in controversy) of the opinions of well-reputed predecessors, and in the Middle Ages many such works were produced. These medieval anthologies actually preserve some noteworthy materials from works otherwise lost.
In modern times, with the increasing inability even of those trained in universities and theological colleges to read Latin and Greek texts with ease and familiarity, the translation of selected portions of earlier Christian literature into modern languages has become more necessary than ever; while the wide range of distinguished books written in vernaculars such as English makes selection there also needful. The efforts that have been made to meet this need are too numerous to be noted here, but none of these collections serves the purpose of the reader who desires a library of representative treatises spanning the Christian centuries as a whole. Most of them embrace only the age of the Church Fathers, and some of them have long been out of print. A fresh translation of a work already [[@Page:10]]translated may shed much new light upon its meaning. This is true even of Bible translations despite the work of many experts through the centuries. In some instances old translations have been adopted in this series, but wherever necessary or desirable, new ones have been made. Notes have been supplied where these were needed to explain the author’s meaning. The introductions provided for the several treatises and extracts will, we believe, furnish welcome guidance.
John Baillie
John T. McNeill
Henry P. Van Dusen
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CONTENTS
PART I. QUESTIONS 1–4; 20–23
GENERAL INTRODUCTION, 21
Q. I: WHAT SACRED DOCTRINE IS, AND WHAT IT CONCERNS
Art. 1: Whether another doctrine is necessary, besides the philosophical sciences35
Art. 2: Whether sacred doctrine is a science,37
Art. 3: Whether sacred doctrine is a single science,38
Art. 4: Whether sacred doctrine is a practical science,39
Art. 5. Whether sacred doctrine is nobler than other sciences,40
Art. 6: Whether sacred doctrine is wisdom,41
Art. 7: Whether God is the subject of this science,43
Art. 8: Whether sacred doctrine proceeds by argument,44
Art. 9: Whether sacred doctrine should use metaphors46
Art. 10: Whether one passage of sacred Scripture may have several interpretations,48
Q. 2: THE EXISTENCE OF GOD
Art. 1: Whether it is self-evident that God exists,50
Art. 2:Whether God’s existence can be demonstrated,52
Art. 3:Whether God exists,53
Q. 3: OF THE SIMPLE NATURE OF GOD
Art. 1: Whether God is a body,57
Art. 2: Whether there is composition of form and matter in God,59[[@Page:12]]
Art. 3: Whether God is the same as his essence, or nature,60
Art. 4: Whether essence and existence are the same in God,62
Art. 5: Whether God belongs to a genus,63
Art. 6: Whether there is any accident in God,65
Art. 7: Whether God is altogether simple,66
Art. 8: Whether God enters into the composition of other things,68
Q. 4: THE PERFECTION OF GOD
Art. 1: Whether God is perfect,70
Art. 2: Whether the perfections of all things are in God,72
Art. 3: Whether any creature can be like God,73
Q. 20: THE LOVE OF GOD
Art. 1: Whether there is love in God,78
Art. 2: Whether God loves all things,80
Art. 3: Whether God loves all things equally,82
Art. 4: Whether God always loves better things the more,83
Q. 21: THE JUSTICE AND MERCY OF GOD
Art. 1: Whether there is justice in God,86
Art. 2: Whether God’s justice is truth,88
Art. 3: Whether there is mercy in God,89
Art. 4: Whether justice and mercy are present in all God’s works,90
Q. 22: OF DIVINE PROVIDENCE
Art. 1: Whether providence is appropriately ascribed to God,93
Art. 2: Whether all things are under divine providence,94
Art. 3: Whether God provides for all things directly,98
Art. 4: Whether providence imposes a necessity on what it provides,99
Q. 23: OF PREDESTINATION
Art. 1: Whether men are predestined by God,101
Art. 2: Whether predestination implies anything in the predestined,103
Art. 3: Whether God rejects any man,105
Art. 4: Whether the predestined are chosen by God,106[[@Page:13]]
Art. 5: Whether the foreknowledge of merits is the cause of predestination,108
Art. 6: Whether predestination is certain,112
Art. 7: Whether the number of the predestined is certain,113
Art. 8: Whether predestination can be furthered by the prayers of the devout,116
OF SIN. PRIMA SECUNDAE, QUESTIONS 82, 85
Q. 82: THE ESSENCE OF ORIGINAL SIN
Art. 1: Whether original sin is a habit,119
Art. 2: Whether there are many original sins in one man,121
Art. 3: Whether original sin is desire,122
Art. 4: Whether original sin is in all men equally,124
Q. 85: THE EFFECTS OF SIN
Art. 1: Whether sin diminishes natural good,125
Art. 2: Whether the whole good of human nature can be destroyed by sin,127
Art. 3: Whether weakness, ignorance, malice, and desire are rightly named as the wounds of nature due to sin, 129
Art. 4: Whether privation of mode, species, and order is the effect of sin,131
Art. 5: Whether death and other defects of the body are the effects of sin,132
Art. 6: Whether death and other defects are natural to man,134
TREATISE ON GRACE. PRIMA SECUNDAE, QUESTIONS 109–114
Q. 109: CONCERNING THE EXTERNAL PRINCIPLE OF HUMAN ACTIONS, THAT IS, THE GRACE OF GOD
Art. 1: Whether a man can know any truth without grace,137
Art. 2: Whether a man can will or do good without grace,140
Art. 3: Whether a man can love God above all things by his natural powers alone, without grace,142
Art. 4: Whether a man can fulfil the commandment of the law by his natural powers, without grace, 144[[@Page:14]]
Art. 5: Whether a man can merit eternal life, without grace145
Art. 6: Whether without grace a man can prepare himself for grace146
Art. 7: Whether a man can rise from sin without the help of grace149
Art. 8: Whether a man can avoid sin, without grace150
Art. 9: Whether, after receiving grace, a man can do good and avoid sin, without further help of grace 153
Art. 10: Whether a man in grace needs the help of grace in order to persevere154
Q. 110 THE ESSENCE OF GOD’S GRACE
Art. 1: Whether grace denotes something in the soul156
Art. 2: Whether grace is a quality of the soul159
Art. 3: Whether grace is the same as virtue160
Art. 4: Whether grace is in the soul’s essence as its subject, or in one of its powers162
Q. 111: THE DIVISIONS OF GRACE
Art. 1: Whether grace is appropriately divided into sanctifying grace and free grace164
Art. 2: Whether grace is appropriately divided into operative and co-operative grace166
Art. 3: Whether grace is appropriately divided into prevenient and subsequent grace168
Art. 4: Whether free grace is appropriately divided by the Apostle170
Art. 5: Whether free grace is nobler than sanctifying grace172
Q. 112: THE CAUSE OF GRACE
Art. 1: Whether God is the sole cause of grace174
Art. 2: Whether a preparation or disposition for grace is required on the part of man175
Art. 3: Whether grace is bound to be given to one who prepares himself for grace, or who does what he can 177
Art. 4: Whether grace is greater in one man than in another179
Art. 5: Whether a man can know that he has grace180
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Q. 113: THE EFFECTS OF GRACE
Art. 1: Whether the justification of the ungodly is the remission of sins183
Art. 2: Whether an infusion of grace is required for the remission of guilt, which is the justification of the ungodly 185
Art. 3: Whether a movement of the free will is required for the justification of the ungodly186
Art. 4: Whether a movement of faith is required for the justification of the ungodly188
Art. 5: Whether a movement of the free will against sin is required for the justification of the ungodly 190
Art. 6: Whether the remission of sins should be numbered with the things required for the justification of the ungodly 192
Art. 7: Whether the justification of the ungodly is achieved instantaneously or gradually193
Art. 8: Whether the infusion of grace is the first of the things required for the justification of the ungodly, according to the order of nature 197
Art. 9: Whether the justification of the ungodly is the greatest work of God199
Art. 10: Whether the justification of the ungodly is a miracle200
Q. 114: CONCERNING MERIT, WHICH IS THE EFFECT OF COOPERATIVE GRACE
Art. 1: Whether a man can merit anything from God203
Art. 2: Whether one can merit eternal life without grace205
Art. 3: Whether a man in grace can merit eternal life condignly206
Art. 4: Whether grace is the principle of merit, through charity more principally than through other virtue 208
Art. 5: Whether a man can merit the first grace for himself 209
Art. 6: Whether a man can merit the first grace for another211
Art. 7: Whether a man can merit his restoration after a lapse212
Art. 8: Whether a man can merit an increase of grace or charity214
Art. 9: Whether a man can merit perseverance215
Art. 10: Whether temporal goods can be merited217[[@Page:16]]
TREATISE ON THE THEOLOGICAL VIRTUES
I. ON FAITH. SEGUNDA SECUNDAE, QUESTIONS 1–7
Q. I: THE OBJECT OF FAITH
Art. 1: Whether the object of faith is the first truth219
Art. 2: Whether the object of faith is something complex, in the form of a proposition221
Art. 3: Whether what is false can be held in faith222
Art. 4: Whether the object of faith can be something seen224
Art. 5: Whether the things of faith can be known scientifically225
Art. 6: Whether matters of faith ought to be divided into certain articles227
Art. 7: Whether the articles of faith have increased with the passing of time230
Art. 8: Whether the articles of faith are appropriately enumerated233
Art. 9: Whether the articles of faith are appropriately set forth in a symbol236
Art. 10: Whether it is for the chief pontiff to draw up the symbol of the faith238
Q. 2: THE ACT OF FAITH
Art. 1: Whether to believe is to think with assent241
Art. 2: Whether to believe God, to believe that there is a God, and to believe in God are rightly distinguished as acts of faith 243
Art. 3: Whether, for salvation, it is necessary to believe anything which is beyond natural reason244
Art. 4: Whether it is necessary to believe such things as can be proved by natural reason246
Art. 5: Whether a man is required to believe anything explicitly247
Art. 6: Whether all men equally are required to have explicit faith249
Art. 7: Whether explicit belief in the mystery of the incarnation of Christ is necessary for the salvation of everybody 251
Art. 8: Whether explicit belief in the Trinity is necessary for salvation254
Art. 9: Whether to believe is meritorious255
Art. 10: Whether a reason in support of the things of faith diminishes the merit of faith257[[@Page:17]]
Q. 3: THE OUTWARD ACT OF FAITH
Art. 1: Whether confession is an act of faith259
Art. 2: Whether confession of faith is necessary for salvation261
Q. 4: THE VIRTUE ITSELF OF FAITH
Art. 1: Whether this is a satisfactory definition of faith: Faith is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen 263
Art. 2: Whether faith is in the intellect as its subject266
Art. 3: Whether charity is the form of faith268
Art. 4: Whether unformed faith can become formed, or vice versa269
Art. 5: Whether faith is a virtue271
Art. 6: Whether faith is a single virtue273
Art. 7: Whether faith is the first of the virtues274
Art. 8: Whether faith is more certain than science and the other intellectual virtues276
Q. 5: OF THOSE WHO HAVE FAITH
Art. 1: Whether angels and man had faith in their first state278
Art. 2: Whether devils have faith281
Art. 3: Whether one who disbelieves one article of faith can have unformed faith in the other articles 282
Art. 4: Whether faith can be greater in one than in another284
Q. 6: THE CAUSE OF FAITH
Art. 1: Whether faith is infused into man by God286
Art. 2: Whether unformed faith is a gift of God287
Q. 7: THE EFFECT OF FAITH
Art. 1: Whether fear is an effect of faith289
Art. 2: Whether purification of the heart is an effect of faith291[[@Page:18]]
II. ON HOPE. SEGUNDA SECUNDAE, QUESTIONS 17–21
Q. 17: OF HOPE, CONSIDERED IN ITSELF
Art. 1: Whether hope is a virtue293
Art. 2: Whether eternal blessedness is the proper object of hope295
Art. 3: Whether one can hope for the eternal blessedness of another296
Art. 4: Whether one may lawfully hope in man297
Art. 5: Whether hope is a theological virtue298
Art. 6: Whether hope is distinct from the other theological virtues300
Art. 7: Whether hope precedes faith301
Art. 8: Whether charity is prior to hope302
Q. l8: THE SUBJECT OF HOPE
Art. 1: Whether hope is in the will as its subject304
Art. 2: Whether there is hope in the blessed305
Art. 3: Whether there is hope in the damned307
Art. 4: Whether the hope of wayfarers is certain309
Q. 19: THE GIFT OF FEAR
Art. 1: Whether God can be feared310
Art. 2: Whether fear is appropriately divided into filial, initial, servile, and worldly fear311
Art. 3: Whether worldly fear is always evil313
Art. 4: Whether servile fear is good315
Art. 5: Whether servile fear is substantially the same as filial fear316
Art. 6: Whether servile fear remains when charity is present318
Art. 7: Whether fear is the beginning of wisdom319
Art. 8: Whether initial fear differs substantially from filial fear321
Art. 9: Whether fear is a gift of the Holy Spirit322
Art. 10: Whether fear diminishes as charity increases324
Art. 11: Whether fear remains in Heaven325
Art. 12: Whether poverty of spirit is the beatitude which corresponds to the gift of fear327
Q. 20: OF DESPAIR
Art. 1: Whether despair is a sin329
Art. 2: Whether there can be despair without unbelief331
Art. 3: Whether despair is the greatest of sins333
Art. 4: Whether despair arises from listlessness334[[@Page:19]]
Q. 21: OF PRESUMPTION
Art. 1: Whether presumption relies on God, or on one’s own power336
Art. 2: Whether presumption is a sin338
Art. 3: Whether presumption is opposed to fear rather than to hope339