Freshwater Calanoida

Maxillopoda - Copepoda

FRESHWATER CALANOIDA[]

E. N. SANTOS-SILVA

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

Family Diaptomidae G. O. Sars, 1903

Subfamily Diaptominae Kiefer, 1932

Genus Argyrodiaptomus Brehm, 1933

Argyrodiaptomus aculeatus (Van Douwe, 1911)

Synonymy: Wright, 1938a: 302; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 131.

Description and diagnosis: Douwe, 1911: 162; Wright, 1938a: 302.

References: Douwe, 1911: 162, figs. 3-4; 1912: 312, figs. 6-12; Pesta, 1927: 70, figs. 3a-b; Brehm, 1933a: 283; Kiefer, 1936a: 195; Brehm, 1937c: 124; Wright, 1937: 66; 1938a: 297; 1938b: 562; 1939a: 647; Brehm, 1958a: 165; 1958b: 9; 1959: 505, fig. 14; Ringuelet, 1958a: 44; 1962: 87; Shen & Tai, 1964: 246; Brehm, 1965: 3; Brandorff, 1972: 40; 1976: 614, fig. 1; Löffler, 1981: 15; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 131; Matsumura-Tundisi, 1986: 547.

Geographic distribution: Brazil (SP) and Argentina.

Comments: In pools and rivers with slow current.

Argyrodiaptomus azevedoi (Wright, 1935)

Synonymy: Wright, 1938a: 299; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 132.

Description and diagnosis: Wright, 1935: 226.

References: Wright, 1935: 214, pl. 3, figs. 1-13, pl. 4; 1937: 66; 1938a: 297, pl. 1, fig. 1; 1938b: 562; Kiefer, 1936a: 195, fig. 2; Brehm, 1958a: 164; 1958b: 6; 1960: 50; Shen & Tai, 1964: 246; Brandorff, 1972: 5, figs. 33-39; 1973: 346; Andrade & Brandorff, 1975: 97; Brandorff, 1976: 614, fig. 1; Löffler, 1981: 15; Sendacz & Kubo, 1982: 55; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 132; Robertson & Hardy, 1984: tab. 3; Dussart, 1985a: 206, fig. 4; Matsumura-Tundisi, 1986: 532, figs. 1-4; Reid, 1991: 738; Santos-Silva, 1991: 33; Sendacz, 1993: 35; Rocha et al., 1995: 155.

Geographic distribution: Brazil (AM, PA, CE, RN, PB, PE, SP)

Comments: In turbid pools, small man-made lakes and floodplain lakes.

Argyrodiaptomus denticulatus (Pesta, 1927)

Synonymy: Wright, 1938a: 298; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 131.

Description and diagnosis: Pesta, 1927: 75; Dussart, 1985b: 276.

References: Brian, 1927: 128, figs. 1-5; Pesta, 1927: 75, figs. 3c-d; Brehm, 1933a: 283; Wright, 1935: 228; Kiefer, 1936a: 195; Wright, 1937: 74; 1938a: 297, pl. 1, figs. 4-7; 1938b: 562; Brehm, 1939a: 521; Wright, 1939: 646; Brehm, 1958d: 5, figs. 84-92; Ringuelet, 1958a: 43; Brehm, 1959: 521; 1960: 52; Ringuelet, 1962: 87; Shen & Tai, 1964: 246; Brehm, 1965: 3; Brandorff, 1972: 41; 1976: 614, fig 1; Löffler, 1981: 15; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 131; Dussart, 1985b: 276, pl. 1, figs. 1-8; Matsumura-Tundisi, 1986: 547; Santos-Silva, 1991: 33; Gloeden, 1993: 91.

Geographic distribution: Bolivia, Brazil(RS), and Argentina.

Comments: Artificial lakes, shallow lakes, turbid pools.

Argyrodiaptomus furcatus (G.O.Sars, 1901)

Synonymy: Wright, 1938a: 300; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 131.

Description and diagnosis: Sars, 1901: 11; Wright, 1937: 72; Dussart, 1985a: 202.

References: Sars, 1901: 11, pl. 2, figs. 1-15; Daday, 1905: 148, pl. 9, figs. 11-15; Tollinger, 1911: 66; Wright, 1927: 73, pl. 9, figs. 1-4; Pesta, 1927: 70, fig. 4e; Brehm, 1933a: 286; Wright, 1935: 228; Kiefer, 1936a: 195; Brehm, 1937c: 122; Wright, 1937: 66, pl. 2, figs. 6-12; Wright, 1938a: 297, pl. 2, fig. 2; 1938b: 562; 1939a: 647; 1939b: 40, fig. 1; Brehm, 1958a: 165; 1958b: 8, figs. 93-97; Ringuelet, 1958a: 44; Brehm, 1959: 505, fig. 13; Ringuelet, 1962: 87; Shen & Tai, 1964: 246; Brehm, 1965: 5; Brandorff, 1972: 41; 1973a: 346; 1976: 614, fig. 1; Rocha & Matsumura-Tundisi, 1976: 2, pl. 1, figs. 1-5, pl. 2, figs. 1-4, pl. 3, figs. 1-7; Gouvea, 1978: 1047; Löffler, 1981: 15; Sendacz & Kubo, 1982: 54, figs. 4-8, tab. 3; Dussart & Defaye, 1983; 131; Matsumura-Tundisi & Rocha, 1983: 1, pl. 1, fig. 1a-c; Dussart, 1985a: 202, fig. 1; Dussart & Matsumura-Tundisi, 1986: 249; Matsumura-Tundisi, 1986: 532, figs. 5-8; Reid et al., 1988: 533, fig. 2; Cicchino et al., 1989: 101; Tundisi & Matsumura-Tundisi, 1994: 25; Rocha et al., 1995: 155; Tundisi & Matsumura Tundisi, 1995a: 231; 1995b: 252; Lansac-Tôha et al. 1995: 67.

Geographic distribution: Brazil (MS, MG, RJ, SP, PR), Uruguay, and Argentina.

Comments: In rivers with slow current.

Argyrodiaptomus furcatus exilis Dussart, 1985

Description and diagnosis: Dussart & Matsumura-Tundisi, 1986: 254.

References: Dussart, 1985: 203, fig. 2; Dussart & Matsumura-Tundisi, 1986: 254, fig. 3; Matsumura-Tundisi, 1986: 537, figs. 78-80; Reid et al., 1988: 533; Reid & Pinto-Coelho, 1994: 96; Tundisi & Matsumura- Tundisi, 1995b: 252.

Geographic distribution: Brazil (MG, SP).

Argyrodiaptomus neglectus (Wright, 1938)

Synonymy: Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 132.

Description and diagnosis: Wright, 1938a: 302.

References: Wright, 1938a: 297, pl. 2, figs. 3, 7-8; Brehm, 1939a: 521; 1958a: 165; Brandorff, 1972: 41; 1976: 614, fig. 1; Löffler, 1981: 15; Reid et al., 1988: 533, fig. 2; 1991: 740; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 132.

Geographic distribution: Brazil (MG).

Comments: In pools.

Argyrodiaptomus robertsonae Dussart, 1986

Description and diagnosis: Dussart, 1986: 277.

References: Dussart, 1985a: 204, fig. 3; 1985b: 277, pl. 2, figs. 1-10; Santos-Silva et al., 1989: 726, figs. 1-25; Santos-Silva, 1991: 33, fig. 9; Sendacz, 1993: 35; Rocha et al., 1995: 154.

Geographic distribution: Brazil (AM, PA).

Comments: In man-made lakes and floodplain lakes.

Genus Aspinus Brandorff, 1973

Aspinus acicularis Brandorff, 1973

Description and diagnosis: Brandorff, 1973b: 210.

References: Brandorff, 1972: 4, figs. 59-66; 1973b: 210, pl. 5, figs. 1-7, pl. 6, figs. 1-5; 1976: 618, fig. 3; Hardy, 1980: 594; Löffler, 1981: 15; Brandorff, et al., 1982: 103; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 141; Hardy et al., 1984: 529; Robertson & Hardy, 1984: 347, tab. 3; Matsumura-Tundisi, 1986: 537, figs. 13-15; Dussart & Defaye, 1995: 178, fig. L71; Rocha et al., 1995: 154.

Geographic distribution: Brazil (AM, PA).

Comments: In lakes and black waters.

Genus Calodiaptomus Kiefer, 1936

Calodiaptomus merrillae (Wright, 1927)

Synonymy: Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 133.

Description and diagnosis: Wright, 1927: 80.

References: Wright, 1927: 74, pl. 2, figs. 4-8; Brehm, 1935a: 12; Kiefer, 1936a: 199; Wright, 1938b: 562; Brehm, 1958a: 166; Brandorff, 1972: 42; Andrade & Brandorff, 1975: 97; Brandorff, 1976: 614, fig. 1; Löffler, 1981: 15; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 133; Robertson & Hardy, 1984: tab. 3; Reid, 1991: 736; Sendacz & Melo Costa, 1991: 466; Rocha et al., 1995: 156.

Geographic distribution: Bolivia and Brazil (AC, RO, AM)

Comments: In turbid pools, flooded lands, and lakes.

Calodiaptomus perelegans (Wright, 1927)

Synonymy: Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 133.

Description and diagnosis: Wright, 1927: 78.

References: Wright, 1927: 75, pl. 1, fig. 10, pl. 2, figs. 1-3; Brehm, 1935a: 12; Wright, 1938b: 562; Brehm, 1958a: 151; 1958c: 576; 1960: 52; Brandorff, 1972: 52; Andrade & Brandorff, 1976: 97; Brandorff, 1975: 614, fig. 1; Löffler, 1981: 15; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 133; Dussart & Robertson, 1984: 391; Robertson & Hardy, 1984: tab. 3; Reid, 1991: 736; Sendacz & Melo Costa, 1991: 466; Dussart & Defaye, 1995: 177, fig. L61; Rocha et al., 1995: 156.

Geographic distribution: Bolivia and Brazil (AC, RO, AM).

Comments: In turbid pools, flooded lands, and lakes.

Genus Dactylodiaptomus Kiefer, 1936

Dactylodiaptomus pearsei (Wright, 1927)

Synonymy: Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 140.

Description and diagnosis: Wright, 1927: 81; Brandorff et al., 1982: 103.

References: Wright, 1927: 74, pl. 3, figs. 1-5; Kiefer, 1936a: 198; Wright, 1938b: 562; Brehm, 1958a: 165; Brandorff, 1972: 3, figs. 1-4; 1973a: 345; Andrade & Brandorff, 1975: 97; Brandorff, 1976: 614, fig. 1; Löffler, 1981: 15; Brandorff et al., 1982: 103, figs. 100-103; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 140; Dussart, 1984a: 34, fig. 12; Robertson & Hardy, 1984: tab. 3; Santos-Silva et al., 1989: 726, figs. 26-46; Reid, 1991: 736; Santos-Silva & Robertson, 1993: 101; Cicchino, 1994: 145, fig. 15; Dussart & Defaye, 1995: 169, fig. L65; Rocha et al., 1995: 156.

Geographic distribution: Venezuela and Brazil (RR, RO, AM, PA).

Comments: In ponds and lakes.

Genus Dasydiaptomus Defaye & Dussart, 1993

Dasydiaptomus coronatus (Sars, 1901)

Synonymy: Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 134; Reid, 1990: 140.

Description and diagnosis: Sars 1901: 14; Reid, 1990: 140.

References: Sars 1901: 14, pl. 3, figs. 9-17; Daday, 1905: 151; Tollinger, 1911: 66, fig. A2; Pesta, 1927: 80; Wright, 1927: 73, pl. 6, figs. 7-9; Brehm, 1933c: 221; Wright, 1937: 66, pl. 3, figs. 5-8; 1938b: 562; Light, 1939: 474; Thomasson, 1953: 193, pl. 3, fig. 1a-c; 1955: 214; Brehm, 1958a: 140; 1960: 49; 1965: 15; Brandorff, 1972: 8, figs. 19-26; Cipolli & Carvalho, 1973: 95, tab. 2; Andrade & Brandorff, 1975: 97; 1976: 618, fig. 3; Paggi, 1976a: 91; Löffler, 1981: 15; Brandorff et al., 1982: 104, figs. 104-110; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 134; Dussart, 1984a: 34; Robertson & Hardy, 1984: tab. 3; Dussart, 1985a: 201; Reid, 1990: 140, figs. 1-22, tab. 1; Dussart & Defaye, 1995: 173, fig. L68; Rocha et al., 1995: 157.

Geographic distribution: Venezuela and Brazil (AM, PA, GO, DF, MG, SP).

Comments: In pools and the littoral zone of lakes.

Genus "Diaptomus" (sensu lato)

"Diaptomus" azureus Reid, 1985

Description and diagnosis: Reid, 1985: 579.

References: Reid, 1985: 574, figs. 29-59; 1987: 378; Sendacz, 1993: 35; Rocha et al., 1995: 157.

Geographic distribution: Brazil (RJ).

Comments: In coastal lakes.

"Diaptomus" fluminensis Reid, 1985

Description and diagnosis: Reid, 1985: 587.

References: Reid, 1985: 574, figs. 60-82; 1987: 378; Sendacz, 1993: 35; Rocha et al., 1995: 157.

Geographic distribution: Brazil (RJ).

Comments: In coastal lakes.

"Diaptomus" inexpectatus (Brehm, 1958)

Description and diagnosis: Brehm, 1958c: 149.

References: Brehm, 1958a: 149, pl. 3, figs. 1-5; 1960: 51, figs. 109-113; 1965: 13; Brandorff, 1972: 50; 1976: 618, fig. 3; Paggi, 1976a: 91; Löffler, 1981: 15; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 64.

Geographic distribution: Brazil (RS) and Argentina.

"Diaptomus" linus Brandorff, 1973

Description and diagnosis: Brandorff, 1973b: 208.

References: Brandorff, 1972: 4, figs. 49-58; 1973b: 206, pl. 3, figs.1-6, pl. 4, figs. 1-6; Andrade & Brandorff, 1975: 97; Brandorff, 1976: 618, fig. 3; Löffler, 1981: 15; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 65; Hardy et al., 1984: 529; Robertson & Hardy, 1984: tab. 3b; Rocha et al., 1995: 154.

Geographic distribution: Brazil (AM).

Comments: In lakes.

"Diaptomus" negrensis Andrade & Brandorff, 1975

Description and diagnosis: Andrade & Brandorff, 1975: 97.

References: Andrade & Brandorff, 1975: figs. 1-3; Brandorff, 1976: 618; fig. 3; Löffler, 1981: 15; Brandorff et al., 1982: 109; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 65; Hardy et al., 1984: 530; Dussart, 1984a: 34, fig. 11; Robertson & Hardy, 1984: 347, tab. 3; Rocha et al., 1995: 154.

Geographic distribution: Venezuela and Brazil (AM, PA).

Comments: In lakes and black waters.

"Diaptomus" ohlei Brandorff, 1978

Description and diagnosis: Brandorff, 1978: 295 .

References: Brandorff, 1978: figs. 1-12; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 65; Dussart, 1984b: 264, fig. 8; Hardy et al., 1984: 530; Robertson & Hardy, 1984: tab. 3; Dussart, 1985a: 214; Santos-Silva, 1991: 33, fig. 14.

Geographic distribution: Brazil (AM).

Comments: It seems to be restricted to lakes influenced by white water.

"Diaptomus" silvaticus Wright, 1927

Description and diagnosis: Wright, 1927: 93.

References: Wright, 1927: 75, pl. 7, figs. 7-9, pl. 8, figs. 1-2; Kiefer, 1936b: 310; Wright, 1938b: 562; Thomasson, 1955: 214; Brehm, 1958c: 576; Brandorff, 1972: 52; Andrade & Brandorff, 1975: 97; Brandorff, 1976: 618, fig. 3; Löffler, 1981: 15; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 63; Dussart & Robertson, 1984: 390; Robertson & Hardy, 1984: tab. 3; Dussart, 1985a: 214; Rocha et al., 1995: 154.

Geographic distribution: Trinidad and Brazil (AM, PA).

"Diaptomus" silvaticus infrequens (Wright, 1927)

Description and diagnosis: Wright, 1927: 95.

References: Wright, 1927: 75, pl. 7, figs. 3-4; 1938b: 562; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 63; Reid, 1991: 737.

Geographic distribution: Brazil (PA)

Comments: It is sometimes found with "Diaptomus" silvaticus, but is neither abundant nor so widely distributed.

Genus Idiodiaptomus (Kiefer, 1936c)

Idiodiaptomus gracilipes (Douwe, 1911)

Synonymy: Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 140.

Description and diagnosis: Douwe, 1911: 162; Wright, 1927: 99.

References: Douwe, 1911: 162, figs. 1-2; 1912: 310, figs. 1-5; Wright, 1927: 73, pl. 9, figs. 8-9; Pesta, 1927: 80; Kiefer, 1936a: 199; Wright, 1937: 66; 1938b: 562; Brehm, 1958a: 165; Brandorff, 1972: 43; 1976: 614, fig. 1; Löffler, 1981: 15; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 140; 1995: 178, fig. L70.

Geographic distribution: Brazil (SP).

Comments: In pools.

Genus Notodiaptomus Kiefer, 1936

Notodiaptomus amazonicus (Wright, 1935)

Synonymy: Ringuelet & Ferrato, 1967: 414; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 136.

Description and diagnosis: Wright, 1927: 96; 1935: 221.

References: Wright, 1927: 73, pl. 8, figs. 7-11; 1935: 214, pl. 1, figs. 2, 5, 9, 14, 16; Kiefer, 1936a: 197, fig. 6; Wright, 1936: 79; 1937: 73; 1938b: 562; Kiefer, 1956: 242; Brehm, 1958a: 168; 1960: 50; Löffler, 1963: 208; Ringuelet & Ferrato, 1967: 411, pl. 1, figs. 7-11; Brandorff, 1972: 4, figs. 29-32; 1973b: 205; Andrade & Brandorff, 1975: 97; Brandorff, 1976: 614, fig. 2; Hardy, 1980: 594; Löffler, 1981: 15; Carvalho, 1983: 717; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 136; Dussart, 1984a: 34, fig. 5A; Robertson & Hardy, 1984: 347, tab. 3; Dussart, 1985a: 208; Dussart & Frutos, 1985: 307; Matsumura-Tundisi, 1986: 537, figs. 22-25, 100; Montú & Gloeden, 1986: 6, fig. 25k-m; Cicchino et al., 1989: 101; Santos-Silva et al., 1989: 726, figs. 47-68; Reid, 1991: 737; Santos-Silva, 1991: 33, fig. 10; Sendacz & Melo Costa, 1991: 468; Santos-Silva & Robertson, 1993: 101; Sendacz, 1993: 35; Rocha et al., 1995: 156.

Geographic distribution: Venezuela, Guyana, Peru, Brazil (AM, PA, PE, RS), and Argentina.

Comments: In natural lakes and reservoirs.

Notodiaptomus anisitsi (Daday, 1905)

Synonymy: Ringuelet & Ferrato, 1967: 417; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 135.

Description and diagnosis: Daday, 1905: 149; Wright, 1927: 77.

References: Daday, 1905: 149, pl. 9, figs. 16-22; Tollinger, 1911: 65; Brian, 1926: 180, figs. 4-6; Pesta, 1927: 80; Wright, 1927: 73, pl. 1, figs. 4-6; Kiefer, 1928: 172, figs. 2a-b; Brehm, 1935a: 12; 1935b: 308; Kiefer, 1936a: 197; Wright, 1937: 76; 1938b: 562; Brehm, 1938: 29; 1939b: 42, figs. 2-3; Wright, 1939: 647; Kiefer, 1956: 242; Brehm, 1958a: 166; 1958c: 575; Ringuelet, 1958a: 45; 1958b: 18; Pesta, 1959: 148; Ringuelet, 1962: 87; Ringuelet & Ferrato, 1967: 411, pl. 2, figs. 7-10; Brandorff, 1972: 43; 1976: 614, fig. 2; Paggi, 1976a: 85; Löffler, 1981: 15; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 133; Dussart, 1985a: 201; Dussart & Frutos, 1985: 306; Matsumura-Tundisi, 1986: 547, fig. 100; Reid, 1987: 377; 1991: 738; Sendacz, 1993: 35; Rocha et al., 1995: 155.