Frequently Used Parenthetical (in-text) Citations

Directions: Read the following citations and answer the questions that follow.

1. Direct quote or paraphrase
with an author. / “They had almost gotten accustomed to the stench of half-buried bodies near field hospitals and battlefields; that sticky, yellow smell seemed to belong to such places” (Reger, 1998).
2. Using author’s name to introduce the quote. / According to James P. Reger “they had almost gotten accustomed to the stench of half-buried bodies near field hospitals and battlefields; that sticky, yellow smell seemed to belong to such places” (1998).
What is the difference between #1 and #2?
3. Direct quote or paraphrase with two authors. / Songs and folktales contained obvious and hidden messages that could help slaves escape to freedom (Friedheim Jackson,2001).
4. Direct quote or paraphrase with two authors. / Abraham Lincoln was one of the youngest men to be elected President, and he was also the first Westerner (Gold et al., 2000).
What is the difference between #3 and #4?
5. No Author- Use First Word(s) in Title. / “Among our less tangible but no less real keepsakes are the songs of Civil War America… (“Songs,” 1997).
6. Website-No Author-
If available include author’s name instead of title. / The Union victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg in July, 1863, marked a definite turning point in the war (Civil, 1998).
What is the difference between #5 and #6?
7. Long Quote- Five Lines or More
Quote is indented, double-spaced and has no quotation marks. / Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new
nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are
created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that
nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are
met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of
that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that
nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this (Lincoln 366).
When would long quotes be useful in a paper?
8. Paraphrase of a whole passage or several passages.
Begin the passage with the author’s name and end with the date. / According to James P. Reger once blacks received their freedom they realized that they still had many obstacles to overcome. There was a mass migration north in search of equality. Others went west to join the other western expansionists. However, the majority of former slaves remained in the South and became sharecroppers (1995).
Helpful Hints
After a direct quote or paraphrase be sure to add your own thoughts which will connect back to your thesis statement.
Avoid ending a paragraph with a citation. Add your own thoughts to transition into the next paragraph.

Becoming a Citation Expert

Directions: Read the following examples and determine whether they are cited properly.

1. The Civil War was between the Union, and the Southern states that formed the Confederacy.

Do you need to cite this? Explain.

2. The Union victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg in July, 1863, marked a definite turning point in the war (

Is this cited properly? Explain.

3. When the Confederate soldiers returned from the war, their family members and friends were shocked at their appearance. As one farmer stated, “They were without homes, had no food, and were in need of clothes and shoes. Many still wore threadbare Confederate uniforms (banned by the union occupation army) because they had nothing else” (Reger, 2000).

Is this cited properly? Explain.

4. After Lincoln’s election, many slave owners became convinced that the only way to protect their right to own slaves was to separate or secede from the United States and establish their own proslavery country. By February 1861, South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Texas and Louisiana secede from the United States and formed an independent nation, the Confederate States of America. Over the next three months, Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina and Arkansas joined the Confederacy (Friedheim and Jackson, 1954).

Is this cited properly? Explain.

5. “It is erroneous, of course to think of the whites as a single class in society. They were sub-divided among themselves into a number of classes. But the argument of the slaveholder was the domestic slavery caused an identity of interest among all the whites to the extent that they approached singleness of class. Color really became the badge of distinction and all classes of whites were interested in maintaining that distinction. Color, so noticeable to eye, inspired the most humble white man to a sense of his comparative dignity and importance.” (Proslavery Sentiment, 2003).

Is this cited properly? Explain.

You’re the Plagiarism Expert!

Directions: Read each of the following statements and determine if it is an example of plagiarism or correctly cited. Below each statement explain your decision.

  1. Shortages, robberies, riots, and imprisonment all upset Southerners during the first two years of the war. Homes were burned, valuables stolen; citizens suffered beatings, executions, and forced relocation.
  1. Homes were burned, valuables stolen; citizens suffered beatings, executions, and forced relocation. Very little of that, however, was actually due to combat. Shortages, conscription, evacuations, robberies, riots, bushwhackings, and imprisonment all traumatized Southerners during the first two years of the war.
  1. During the first two years of war people Southerners were traumatized by little food, theft, recruitment into the war, relocation, beatings and jail terms.
  1. Shortages, conscription, evacuations, robberies, riots, bushwhackings, and imprisonment all traumatized Southerners during the first two years of the war. Homes were burned, valuables stolen; citizens suffered beatings, executions, and forced relocation (Reger 1997).
  1. Shortages, conscription, evacuations, robberies, riots, bushwhackings, and imprisonment all traumatized Southerners during the first two years of the war. Homes were burned, valuables stolen; citizens suffered beatings, executions, and forced relocation (Reger 1997).
  1. During the civil war Southerners dealt with problems that were indirectly related to war. For example, many people suffered from limited supplies and food, frequent protests and robberies. Violence such as beatings and executions led many southerners to move (Reger 1997).
  1. “Shortages, conscription, evacuations, robberies, riots, bushwhackings, and imprisonment all traumatized

southerners during the first two years of the war. Homes were burned, valuables stolen; citizens suffered

beatings, executions, and forced relocation” (Reger 1997).

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