First Report of Tomato Mosaic Tobamovirus from Malaysia

JTAS Vol. 19 No.1April 1996

JTAS-0104-1996

First Report of Tomato Mosaic Tobamovirus from Malaysia

Norani Abdul-Samad, M. Singh and Khatijah M. Yusoff

Keywords

tomato mosaic tobamovirus, ToMV, Lycopersiconesculentum

Abstract

A mosaic disease o f tomato was observed in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia and a tobamovirus was implicated as the cause based on virus particle morphology and reproduction o f symptoms in LycopersiconesculentumMill. The virus was identified as tomato mosaic tobamovirus (ToMV ) based on host range and serological properties.

JTAS-0105-1996

Comparative Studies of Isolates of Colletotrichumgloeosporioidesfrom Eighteen Malaysian Hosts

Vijaya S. Kanapathipillai

Keywords

Colletotrichumgloeosporioides, Malaysian hosts, anthracnose, pathogenicity

Abstract

Colletotrichumgloeosporioidesfrom eighteen Malaysian hosts, namely mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata), cacao (Theobroma cacao), an orchid (Cattleyasp.), pepper (Piper nigrum ), chilli (Capsicum annum ), grass (Imperatacylindrica ), mango (Mangiferaindica) and legume cover crops (P u e rariaphaeseoloides, Centrosemapubescens, and Calopogoniummucunoides) and a weed (Mimosa pudica), vegetables (Psophocarpustetragonolobus, Phaseolusvulgaris, Vignaradiata , Vignasesquipedalisand Arachishypogaea), a shrub (Leucaenaleucocephala) and a herbaceous vine (Clitoriaternatea ) were examined for colony growth characteristics, morphology o f conidia, growth on various media and temperatures and pathogenicity on Phaeseolusbean hypocotyls. Conidium size o f Colletotrichumgloeosporioideswas 14.25-19.0 x 2.7-5.03fim. The appressorium size was 6.34-10.08 x 5.28-7.31 fim and the shape was globose/sub-globose/lobed. No correlation between the appressorium size and shape was noticed. The optimum temperature for growth was 28 and30°C. None o f the isolates caused infection symptoms on Phaseolusbean hypocotyls.

JTAS-0106-1996

Responses of Winged Bean (Psophocarpustetragonolobus) toMycorrhiza Inoculation in Pot and Field Trials

AzizahHashim, M. Omar and I.R. Hall

Keywords

vesicular-arbuscularmycorrhiza, winged bean, Munchong, Serdang, sandy soil

Abstract

Two greenhouse experiments and one field trial were conducted to provide information on the possibility o f exploiting the beneficial effects o f vesicular-arbuscularmycorrhizctl fungi in Malaysian agriculture. In the fir s t study, winged bean (Psophocarpustetragonolobus) was grown in steam-sterilized Serdang soils and the development o f the endophytes evaluated fortnightly. The second experiment was conducted in unsterilized Serdang and Munchong soils respectively with three levels o f P and/or inoculated with Acaulosporalaevis, Glomusmacrocarpum ,Glomusmosseae, a mixture o f Glomusspecies and Scutellosporacalospora. All inocula, except forS. calospora,significantly enhanced growth throughout the course o f the experiments and increased N , P and K concentrations inthe plant tissues. G. mosseaewas superior to the rest. In the fie ld trial, Acaulosporalaevis, Scutellosporacalosporaand Glomusmosseaewere inoculated into winged bean grown in unsterilized fie ld soil, with orwithout phosphate fertilizer. Inoculation o f winged bean with G. mosseaesignificantly (P < 0.05) increasedinflorescence formation (4.5/ plant), particularly at an intermediate level (60 kg ha-1) of P fertilizer.

JTAS-0107-1996

Effects of Formaldehyde Fumigation and Fytolan Drench on VAM Fungi andNodulation in Some Leguminous Forest Tree Seedlings in India

K. Udaiyan, V. Sugavanam and S. Manian

Keywords

formaldehyde fumigation, Fytolan drench, VAM colonization, nodulation, fieldsurvival

Abstract

Seedlings o f 12 legume tree species (Acacia caesia, A. catechu, A. farnesiana, A. holosericea, A.leucocephala, A. nilotica, Albizialebbeck, Dichrostachyscinerea, Leucaenalatisiliqua, Prosopiscineraria, Dalbergialatifoliaand P terocarpusmarsupiumjwere raised informaldehyde-fumigatedjFytolandrenchedbeds in a nursery. Seedlings in the formaldehyde fumigated beds had stunted growth and were chlorotic; hadpoor VAM root colonization ( 18-25.3Vo ) and spore density (3.1 - 10.6g. soil'1) and lower nodule number ( 3 – 8plant'1) and nodular biomass (100 - 870 mg plant'1) ; the total biomass (15.5 - 72 g plant'1) and fie ld survivalrate (31.2 — 40.4Vo) o f the seedlings were very low. The mycorrhizal species isolated were Acaulosporabireticulata ,Glomusfasciculatumand G. geosporum. In contrast, seedlings form Fytolan-drenched bedsshowed normal growth, enhanced biomass (18 — 83.2 fg plant'1) and higher fie ld survival rate (71 - 86% ) ; intenseV AM root colonization (53.4-100% ) and higher spore density (3 6 -8 2 .8 g soil'1) and higher nodule number (7.4- 17.6 plant'1) and nodular biomass (195 - 950 mg plant' ) compared with the control seedlings. Roots o f theseplants exhibited extensively developed arbuscular and vesicular structures. O f the seven VAM F species recorded fromthe rhizosphere soils o f control and Fytolan-drenched beds, A. bireticulata , G. fasciculatumand G. geosporumwere the dominant species. The differences between treatments were statistically significant (P < 0.05

JTAS-0108-1996

Charge Characteristics in Relation to Mineralogy of Selected Soilsfrom South-east Asia

J. Shamshuddin, RuziahSalleh, M.H.A. Husni and Kamis Awang1

Keywords

charge characteristics, mineralogy, weathering, X-ray diffraction

Abstract

The mineralogy and charge characteristics o f 7 soils from the Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia were studied. The soils consisted of an Entisol, 3 Alfisols, an Andisol and 2 Oxisols. Smectite, mica and quartz were present inthe clay fraction o f the Entisol. In the Alfisols, smectite and kaolinite were the dominant minerals. The Andisol wasdominated by halloysite, whereas the Oxisols were dominated by kaolinite and oxides. The amount of kaoliniteincreased towards the surface, while halloysite decreased, indicating the transformation o f halloysite to kaoliniteduring the course o f weathering. Differences in mineralogy o f the various soil types were reflected clearly in thedifferences in charge characteristics. Soils with smectite (Entisol and Alfisol) had high a negative charge. TheAndisol, which contained halloysite, and the Oxisol, with kaolinite and oxides, had high amounts o f positive charge,but moderate amounts o f negative charge. The availability o f Ca in the soils depended upon exchangeable Ca and theeffective cation exchange capacity (ECEC).

JTAS-0109-1996

Effect of Water Depth, Seedling Age, and Day Length on Elongation Inducedby Short-duration Flooding Treatment in Rice

J.L. Dwivedi, D. Senadhira, P.P. Singh, G.N. Jhaand O.P. Verma

Keywords

deepwater rice, photoperiod sensitivity, elongation

Abstract

Experiments conducted on seedling age and different water depths revealed that short-duration, 7-day flooding o f 3-week-old seedling was effective in assessing elongation potential in deepwater rice varieties. Water depths o f 90-100cm were sufficient to express elongating ability and 3-week-old seedlings gave better contrast between elongatingmodern varieties and non-elongating modern varieties. Maximum internode length was under short-day-lengthconditions while shortest internodes were obtained in the long day treatment. Internode elongation may be due only tothe signal effect o f day length or the shading effect on assimilation. Further experiments should be conducted toconfirm these findings.

JTAS-0110-1996

Response of French Bean (Phaseolusvulgaris L.) to Rate and Ratio ofPotassium Fertilizer Application

U.R. SANGAKKARA

Keywords

French bean, potassium, growth, yields

Abstract

A fie ld study was undertaken to evaluate the effect o f potassium fertilizer, when applied in different ratios, as abasal or top dressing on vegetative growth, immature pod and seed yield of French bean as well as seed quality forplanting purpose determined by germination before and after controlled deterioration. The ratios o f fertilizerapplication at a given rate o f 100:0, 50: or 0:100, were added at planting (basal) or at flowering (R1 stage –topdressing). Establishment o f French bean was not affected by potassium. In contrast, vegetative growth and most yield components increased significantly with up to 100 kg K 20 per ha. Application o f a given rate only at planting(100:0) enhanced vegetative growth compared with a split rate. Application at flowering alone (0:100) reduced allmeasured parameters, confirming the requirement o f potassium at planting. Yields o f immature pods harvested forvegetable purposes were not significantly increased by the two applications in the ratio o f 50:50 (basal: topdressing). Seed quality determined by germination before and after controlled deterioration was also affected andsplit applications o f 100 kg K 20 in the ratio o f 50:50 increased germinability.

JTAS-0111-1996

Differences in Functional Properties of Mungbean Protein Concentrate andthe Effect of Incorporation into Fish Sausages

Suhaila Mohamed, JamilahBakar and NorhashimahAbdHamid

Keywords

emulsion, fat absorption, foaming, fish sausages, mungbean concentrate

Abstract

The physico-chemical and functional properties o f mungbean protein concentrate prepared by ( i ) calcium sulphateprecipitation (M B C -C a ) and ( ii) isoelectric point precipitation (M B C -p I ) containing 21.6 and 67.3% proteinrespectively, were compared. The solubility o f the concentrates was positively correlated with pH within the range of 4-7. The foaming ability was closely correlated with percentage o f soluble N (r2 = 0.98) and pH (r2 = 0.88) whilethe foam stability was correlated with the hydrophilicity (r2 = 0.98) o f the concentrates. All concentrates were ableto reduce the weight loss, shrinkage and increase the firmness o f cooked fish sausages. The weight loss and shrinkagewere negatively correlated with the soluble protein, pH and foaming ability o f the concentrates. The functionalproperties o f the concentrates, when added at a level o f 1 -2%, influenced the texture o f the fish sausages. Inorganoleptic evaluations, fish sausages incorporating the plant proteins scored higher for overall acceptability, eventhough there was no significant difference in flavour or texture and a decrease in juiciness o f the product compared tothe control.

JTAS-0112-1996

Nutrient Content in Rice Husk Ash of Some Malaysian Rice Varieties

A.B. Hashim, H. Aminuddinand K.B. Siva

Keywords

rice husk ash, nutrient, variety, fertilizer

Abstract

Analysis performed on more than 60 samples f 10 different paddy varieties showed 21.33% o f the rough ricecomprised rice husk, while 13% o f the husk constituted rice husk ash. The nutrient content o f rice husk ash was80.26% silica, 0.38% phosphorus, 1.28% potassium, 0.21% magnesium and 0.56% calcium. Statistically,nutrient composition is significantly influenced by varietal differences. As a potential material for fertilizer use, theestimates o f total nutrient supplementation available from rice husk ash per annum are discussed.

JTAS-0113-1996

Comparative Efficacy of Three Commercial Vitamin and Trace MineralPremixes for Rearing Broiler Chickens at Starter and Finisher Phases

O. Oduguwa, B.K. Ogunmodede and A.O. Fanimo

Keywords

vitamins, trace minerals, premixes, broiler chickens, diets

Abstract

Six groups o f 45 unsexed day-old Hubbard broiler chicks were randomly assigned in duplicate at the starter phase(0 -5 weeks) to three isocaloric and iso-nitrogenous diets which were fortified at manufacturers’ recommended levelswith three commercial vitamin and trace mineral premixes purchased locally and labelled as premix A, U and Z Atthe finisher phase (6 - 9 weeks) the birds were shuffled and subdivided into three finisher treatment groups of tworeplicates each. One treatment group continued to receive the same premix as during the starter phase, while the othertwo groups were assigned the remaining premixes not given at the starter phase forr that particular treatment group.Thus nine premix combinations were used at the finisher phase. The premix type fed at the starter phase led todifferences (P > 0.05) in the protein intake, mean weight gain and weight gain per unit protein intake o f the birds.

Protein intake and weight gain per unit protein intake were not significantly different (P < 0 .0 5) at the finisherphase. The serum uric and serum creatinine levels indicate that birds f e d premix Z at the starter phase utilized thedietary protein more efficiently than those f e d the other two premixes. Variable values were obtained forr the serummetabolites at the finisher phase. It was concluded that available premixes for broilers in Nigeria vary in theircontent and their effect o f protein nutriture o f broiler chickens. It is recommended that if f combinations o f premixes areto be used in rearing broilers, care should be taken to feed a proven premix o f good quality at the starter phase

JTAS-0114-1996

Effect of Ripe Plantain Peel (Musa cv) on Growth and CarcassPerformance of Growing Rabbits

Amos OladipoFanimo and Sunday Odu

Keywords

plantain peel, Musa, growth, carcass performance, rabbits, maize

Abstract

A feeding trial was conducted using 48 New Zealand White x Flemish Giant weaner rabbits to determine thereplacement value o f ripe plantain peel for maize in weaner rabbit diets. Ripe plantain peel was used to replace maizeat 0, 33, 66 and 100 VO in a practical weanerdiet. Average daily gain and feed I gain were depressed (P < 0 .0 5) atthe 100Vo replacement level. Dry matter, crude protein and energy digestibility coefficient were significantly(P < 0 .0 5) depressed by inclusion o f ripe plantain peel in the diet. However, the inclusion o f ripe plantain peel hadno significant effect on average feed intake and crude fibre digestibility. Dressing percentage, lumbar region weightand breast weight were also depressed (P < 0 .0 5) by the 100Vo replacement level o f ripe plantain peel, whileinclusion o f ripe plantain peel in the diet increased (P < 0 .0 5 ) the viscera weight.