Final Exam Study Guide s7

Name: ______

Honors Biology Genetics

Final Exam Study Guide

·  Intro to Genetics

·  Green is dominant to yellow in pea plants. If two dwarf pea plants were crossed, what will their offspring be like?

·  What is the probability of getting a pea plant with purple seed color when two heterozygous brown pea plants are crossed with each other?

·  In the human ABO blood grouping, the blood proteins A and B are ______

·  Genes for sex-linked traits tend to be carried on what chromosome?

·  The physical description of an organism's genotype is its ______

·  Down syndrome in humans is due to ______

·  Colorblindness is a sex-linked trait. A woman with normal color vision, whose father was colorblind, mates with a colorblind man. What chance do each of their sons have of being colorblind?

•In snapdragons, pink-flowered plants are produced when red-flowered plants are crossed with white-flowered plants. This type of inheritance can best be described as ______

•Describe the genetic inheritance of hemophilia.

•Compare germ cell and somatic cell mutations.

·  Mitosis, Cancer and Meiosis

·  A body cell of an organism has 16 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are found in this organism's haploid cells?

·  When does separation of homologous chromosomes occur?

·  During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?

·  Describe p53.

·  The identical sides of each chromosome are called ______and are joined at the ______.

·  Cancerous tumors are ______and the cells ______.

·  What are telomeres?

·  DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis

·  DNA is made up of building blocks called ______

·  If one strand of a DNA molecule has the base sequence CGT, its complementary strand will have the sequence ______

·  The molecule that carries each amino acid to its correct position along mRNA in the cytoplasm is ______

·  The process of bringing in the appropriate amino acid into position along the mRNA in the cytoplasm is called ______

·  The bases of RNA are the same as DNA except that RNA contains ______

·  The mRNA has a three-nucleotide sequence called ______, while the molecule transporting the amino acid has a complimentary sequence called a ______.

·  Short pieces of DNA formed on the lagging strand of DNA are called ______

·  The RNA copy of DNA that travels to the cytoplasm to make proteins is ______

·  If an mRNA molecule reads UGC, the tRNA will read

·  Non-protein-coding portions of a eukaryotic gene are called ______

·  To turn genes off (like the Lac Operon), a protein called a(n) ______attaches to the gene to block RNA polymerase.

·  The purpose of the Lac Operon is to ______

·  Evolution

·  Over time, the same bones in different vertebrates were put to different uses. This is an example of ______

·  The streamlined shape of shark and dolphin bodies is an example of ______

·  Some genes control the functioning of groups of other genes. Mutations in these genes may have led to sudden shifts in a species' evolution. These genes are called ______

·  Hardy-Weinberg problem: In a certain population, the frequency of a dominant gene is represented by p=.6. What is the frequency of the heterozygous genotype?

·  Which radioisotope are scientists likely to use to date a human mummy? (Hint: half-life has to be relatively short)

·  How does natural selection occur?

·  Success in evolutionary terms has to do with ______.

·  The traits for good parenting (remember the Masked Boobies?) are selected for or against? Why?

·  Pea hens choose peacocks with the largest tails because tail size indicates ______

·  True or False? Humans evolved from apes.

·  True or False? Whales once walked on land.

·  Biochemistry

·  The nucleus of an atom is composed of two subatomic particles, ______and ______.

·  The ______of atoms determine how atoms will react with each other.

·  When an electron is transferred from one atom to the next, and the two atoms are then electrically attracted to one another, the type of bond is a(n) ______bond.

·  The loss of an electron is ______; the gain of an electron is ______.

·  Atoms that bear a positive or negative charge are known as ______

·  The type of bond that forms between two atoms when electrons are shared is a(n) ______bond.

·  A solution with a pH of 6 has ______the concentration of H+ present compared to a solution with a pH of 5.

·  The building blocks of carbohydrates are ______

·  Enzymes are catalysts because they operate to ______

·  The site on the surface of an enzyme where the reactant binds to the enzyme is called the ______

·  Recognize drawings of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and dipeptides.

·  Proteins are made up of ______strung together by ______bonds.

·  Fatty acids that contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible are said to be ______

·  Each of the 20 amino acids differ from the others because of the ______

·  Carbon is found in all organic molecules. This is due in part to carbon’s ability to bond with up to ______other atoms.

·  Cell Anatomy

·  The simplest cells are the ______

·  All living things are able to maintain stable internal conditions, whether they are single cells or complex, multicellular organisms. This property is called ______

·  When plant cells are placed in a salt solution, they don't shrink up in the same manner as do animal cells. This is due to the fact that plants have ______

·  Two organelles which are believed to have once been free-living bacterial cells are ______and ______.

·  Cells need to use their ATP to move molecules when ______

·  When large vesicles (“sacs”) are pushed out through the cell membrane, the process is called ______

·  If a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic (distilled water) solution, what will happen to the cell? It will ______

·  Describe the cell membrane.

·  Bacteria and Viruses

·  CD4 receptors are found on ______

·  Bacterial cells divide by ______

·  Under harsh environmental conditions, some bacteria are able to form ______to protect them until conditions become more favorable.

·  Transformation in bacteria involves ______

·  Misuse of antibiotics may ______

·  Immunology

·  ______are released by plasma cells to inactivate foreign invaders.

·  How could a person develop active immunity against the chicken pox virus?

·  The inflammatory response involves the release of ______

·  The chemical signal sent out by the macrophages to mobilize the immune system is ______

·  Antigens are ______

Organ Systems

·  Label a drawing of the excretory system.

·  Label a drawing of a nephron.

·  Label a drawing of the brain.

·  The part of the brain that allows the two hemispheres to communicate is called the ______

·  Multiple sclerosis causes the protective membrane that surrounds nerve cells to disintegrate. This membrane is called the ______

·  Ecology

·  What are the equations for photosynthesis and cell respiration?

·  Aquariums that contain tropical freshwater fish should maintain a water temperature between 78 and 82 degrees Fahrenheit or the fish will die. This is an example of ______

·  Some tropical freshwater fish are born who can tolerate colder temperatures. This is an example of ______

·  On a drawing of a food web, how could you identify the omnivores?

·  Nitrogen-fixing bacteria provide plants with a key component necessary for the production of ______

·  Competition may lead to ______

·  Under typical circumstances, food chains rarely include more than four organisms. Why?

·  What process leads to global warming?

·  Name two greenhouse gases.

·  Why is the rainforest hard to replant?

·  Genetic Engineering

·  ______are used to cut genes out of DNA in a genetic engineering experiment.

·  What is PCR used for?

·  What are the steps of PCR?

·  After going through a handful of cell divisions, embryonic stem cells are ______

·  Stem cells divide limitlessly. They have this unique characteristic in common with ______

·  Pluripotent stem cells were recently found (1/07) in ______

·  What is the most likely cause of Dolly’s (the cloned sheep) premature death?

·  In class, a four-step genetic engineering experiment was described where a gene of interest was given to bacteria. In step two, the bacteria were covered in an antibiotic. WHY?

·  What were the primary goals of the Human Genome Project?

·  The lines in a DNA fingerprint indicate ______

·  What type of blood cells are used for DNA fingerprints and why?